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THE
Bulletin of the Hill Museum
Vol. I. 1921-1924.
THE
Bulletin of the Hill Museum
A MAGAZINE OF LEPIDOPTEROLOGY
/ A \
—~
J Van
EDITED BY
Vc Jo JOWO ENG PIL, VAS, aS Ce, ancl G TAUBOIM, RIES,
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
Eee ROUTE Essie Miss Ae Ese ROW singh Ens: and W. HAWKER-SMITH, F.E.S.
VO lO21- 1924
(Wir 57 Pirates)
e Sf Rr : Yo», . ere A he Issued at the Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey =
LONDON JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, LTD. OXFORD HOUSE 83-91, GREAT TITCHFIELD STREET, OXFORD STREET, W. 1.
1924
ey ys yl
: zi eo harh Ke tere tae f oh: ‘ Af i ¥ es ah i i a F via ; La oar ; Res an re eg i 7 . \ mt i eS eh i J: iC
CONDENS Ol Orie Miki Te
IP Aeyae 1k, Issued October 17, 1921, pp. 1-189.
PAGE 1. InTRODUCTION— GHORGE TALBOT,
(1) Prefatory Note ie : et ae 560 3 (2) The Growth of the Hill Maen 3 (3) General Aims ... a 5 (4) Principles Adopted in ne Gloeeicatton of BL uiane ae 6 (5) The Classification of Types ee se a u (6) Studies on the Genital Armature ae ve oF 8 (7) The Incorporation of New Material ae my irs 8 (8) The Acquisition of Data si cy a ae g
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF Previous PUBLICATIONS oF THE Hint Musrum 18} GEHORGE TALBOT.
3. EKuPLOEINES FORMING MimetTic Groups IN THE IsnuANDs Kry, Aru, TENIMBER, AUSTRALIA AND Fiji. With an Appendix on the Identity of Certain Forms of Euploea and the Description of a New Form of Female, and of a New Species... ee 616
GEORGE TALBOT.
4. REPORT ON COLLECTIONS MADE BY Mr. T. A. BARNS, F.Z.S., F.E.5., ON AN EXPEDITION THROUGH Hast CENTRAL AFRICA—
(1) Introduction ... re 580 “a ie 0) GEORGE TALBOT.
(2) New Forms of Rhopalocera is oe Vesna
J. J. JOICEY anp G. TALBOT.
(3) New Forms of Noctuidae see a aa Biles) Miss A. H. PROUT.
(4) New Forms of Geometridae ne so ce soo BS
Ib, 135 1EYOWML, (5) New Heterocera : ms soo. NOS)
J. J, JOICHY anv G. “TALBOT,
V1 Contents of Volume I
PAGE 5. Descriptions of New Forms or LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ISLAND oF HaInAN ee Sa eae bis — allo J. J. JOICHY ann G. TALBOT. InDEX, with References to all Forms referred to in the Text soo dak’) PAR: Issued September 14, 1922, pp. 189-368. 1. Four APPARENTLY New NocrTuiDAE ... et is sae. S'S) Stir GEORGE F. HAMPSON, Bart. 9. On Some APPARENTLY New Species anD Forms or Nocrurpar ... 193
Miss A. EH. PROUT.
3. Some New GEOMETRIDAE AND DIOPTIDAE IN THE JOICEY COLLECTION. Part 3. Plate xxv ee ne eke sas fe OO LOUIS B. PROUT.
4. New Forms oF ZYGAENIDAE FROM SuMATRA, CERAM AND NEw GuInEA. Part 3. Plate xii Bee : ea soo ALO)
J. J. JOICKY anp G. TALBOT.
5. New GEOMETRIDAE FROM CENTRAL CERAM ae rile Mee.) PATS) LOUIS B. PROUT.
6. New Forms or Morus From New GUINEA AND SoutH AMERICA ... 300 J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
7. New Forms or tHE Genus DeELIAS (PIBRIDAE) FROM NEw GUINEA, CERAM, AND Buru. Part 3. Plates vii, viii ae Os J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
8. New Forms oF PapinioNipDAE FROM New GuiInEA, Mataya, AND SoutH America. Part 3. Plate ix Se Ray 500 OO) J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
9. New Forms or Burrerrnuigs FROM DutcH New GUINEA soo. OS Jo da MONCH. Assi Cy SMAIIEO IC,
10. New Forms oF THE GENUS CHARAXES (NYMPHALIDAE) FROM AFRICA AND Manaya ... 85 a 0
J. J. JOICKY anv G. TALBOT.
11. New Forms or BurtERFLIES FROM AFRICA Bo ae pod BOW) J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
IS),
Ih,
Contents of Volume I
. New Forms or THE GENUS TELLERVO (DANAIDAE)
J. J. JOICKY anv G. TALBOT.
New Forms or ButTTERFLIES FROM THE SubLA IsLANDS, AND THE IsLANDS OF OBI, AkU, AND TENIMBER J. J. JOICKY anp G. TALBOT.
Four New ButterFLIES FROM THE IsnANDS OF MEFOR AND BIAK (North Dutch New Guinea) # ee J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
A New Neptis AnD Aa LycaAENID FROM HAINAN J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT,
New Forms ofr LYCAENIDAE FROM CERAM AND Naw IRBLAND J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
. New Forms or BurtTERFLIES FROM SoutH AMERICA
J. J. JOICKY anv G. TALBOT.
DESCRIPTION OF A GYNANDROMORPH OF Argynnis hyperbius cas- tetst OB Sas ae ae J. J. JOICHY anv G. TALBOT.
A New Papinio From Buru. Part 3. Plate ix J. J. JOICHKY anp G. TALBOT.
. Note on tHE Mimetic RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE HRYCINID
Praetaxila poulton J. and T., anD THE AGaristID Immetalia saturata longipalpis Kirscu Proressor Hi. B. POULTON.
. NOMENCLATURE AND ILLUSTRATIONS
PART 3. Issued July 16, 1924, pp. 369-626.
CaraLtoguzE ANNoTE pESs ‘‘Typres” ET FormMEsS NOUVELLES DES PaPILIOS D’'AFRIQUE CONTENUS DANS LA COLLECTION Du “ H1inn Museum.” Plates i-v at
F. Le CERF.
9. A Prepiminary REVISION OF THE GENUS TRISULOIDES, with De-
scriptions of New Genera and New Species. Miss A. EK, PROUT.
Aud Notss on tae Genrrauia by G. Talbot. Plates xiii, xvi, xvii ...
vil PAGE
343
346
350
303
304
307
309
360
363
366
369
400
Vill Contents of Volume I
PAGE 3. Some New Forms or Inpo-Ausrranian Nocturpar. Plates xvilli- Miss A. KH. PROUT. 4. Some APPARENTLY New Nocruiparn From Sumatra, New GUuINEA, Merror anp Buru. Plates xiil, xiv, xv B58 oes sae ween Miss A. HK. PROUT. 5. Notr on Achaea pectimcorms Bretu.-Bak. ae at woe Holl Miss A. EH. PROUT. 6. Taree New Carocaninak, with a Description of the Female of
10.
WL,
12.
13.
Calliodes appollina, GN. Plate xxii ah oes -» 402 Miss A. H, PROUT.
. New GroMETRIDAE FROM DutcH New GuINeA AND Meror IsnAnp.
Plates xxiii, xxiv he nee se <a She 36) LOUIS B. PROUY.
NEw GEOMETRIDAE AND DioptTipaE. Plate xxv bie: ee TT MOL Ba LeROuUmL
New PawuagarctTic GEOMETRIDAE Be: ay, pe coo | ETS LOUIS B. PROUT.
List oF Spectres OF Pyratipak, collected by T. Alexander Barns
in Central Africa, 1919, 1920, 1921 ae: or .. 484 Proressor A. J. T. JANSE.
List oF SPECIES, INCLUDING DxEscripTIoNs OF NEw SPECIES, BE- LONGING TO THE Faminy Pyratipaxn, collected by Messrs. C., F. and J. Pratt in the Mountains of Central Ceram during October, 1919, to February, 1920 ... ane ted soo SY)
Proressor a. J. T. JANSE.
New Forms or BurrERFLIES FROM Burvu. Plates vi, vii, ix soo 6S) J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT. A CaratoGurk OF THE LEpiporTERA oF Hainan. With Map coe OA
J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT.
14.
15.
16.
I
Ie
Contents of Volume I
New Forms or Arrican Lepiporrura, collected by T.
Barns ... J. J. JOICHY anv G. TALBOT.
New Forms or [npo-AustTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES J. J. JOICHY ann G. TALBOT,
THREE New SoutH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES J. J. JOICKY anp G. TALBOT.
IDX PAGE Alexander
List oF PAPERS PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE SINCE PREVIOUS. Lust.
(Continued from p. 15)
CorRIGENDA
De Contents of Volume I
hist OF eA Ss sine VORUNE
IPAleIe I. Plates i—ii. Mimetic Groups in the Key and Aru Islands. ap iii. HKuploeines forming Mimetic Groups in Australia and Fiji.
ss iv. Mimetic Forms of Cethosia and Danais and Forms of Huploea helcita.
a v. Genitalia of African Hrgolis.
i vi. Genitalia of African Charaxes.
# vii. Forms of Charaxes ewpale, dilutus and subornatus. 9p viii. Genitalia of African Lycaenidae.
3 ix—xvi. New African Rhopalocera.
Pe xvii. New African Noctuidae.
5 xviii. New African Geometridae.
As xix—xxlv. New Rhopalocera from Hainan.
Map to illustrate Mr. and Mrs. Barns’ route in Africa, facing p. 40.
IPA! 8. Plates i—v. African Papilios. 7 vi. New Delias from Buru.
wa vii. New Delias from New Guinea and Buru. sn vill. New Delias from New Guinea. Pe ix. New Butterflies from Buru and New Guinea. er xxl. New Sphingidae. xii. New Zygaenidae. - xijl—xxll. Noctuidae. », XxXili—xxiv. Geometridae. * xxv. New Geometridae and Dioptidae. Map of the Island of Hainan, facing p. 538.
Vol. I. No. 1.
THE
Bulletin of the Hill Museum
bac al InStiz,, LS 30 tN
fs 2 an A MAGAZINE ore 21 1921 on
k_ MAGAZINE OF
EDITED BY
J. J. JOICEY, F.LS., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., and G. TALBOT, F.E.S.,
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF L. B. PROUT, F.E.S., Miss A. E. PROUT, F.E.S., and W. HAWKER-SMITH, F.E.S.
Issued October 17, 1921,
at the Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey. (Published at intervals.)
~ With 24 photographic plates of Lepidoptera and 8 photographs of other subjects.
LONDON JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, LTD.
Oxford house 83-91, GREAT TITCHFIELD STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.1
192,
Price 30s.
CONTENTS.
PAGE List of Illustrations, ‘ List of Plates }
I. Introduction : GEORGE TALBOT.
|
1. PREFATORY NOTE .., : 4
9, THE GROWTH OF THR HILL MUSEUM 3
3. GENERAL AIMS y - EicoeD
4, PRINCIPLES ADOPTED IN THR CLASSIFICATION OF
SPECIMENS te a eee a5 : :
5, THE CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES. 7 ? 6, STUDIES ON THE GENITAL ARMATURE 8
7. THE INCORPORATION OF NEW MATERIAL 8 |
8. THE ACQUISITION OF DATA 9
II. Bibliography of Previous Publications of the Hill
~ Museum e Ne bes oe as aecbeota GEORGE TALBOT.
Il]. Euploeines Forming Mimetic Groups in the Islands Key, Aru, Tenimber, Australia and Fiji. With an Appendix on the Identity of Certain Forms of Euploea and the Description of a new Form of Female, and of a New Species ... oS Nene GHORGE TALBOT.
IV. Report on Collections made by Mr. T. A. Barns, F.Z.S., F.E.S., on an Expedition through East Central Africa :
1, INTRODUCTION .... one ote Be ay Sega 40) 1 GHORGH TALBOT
2. NEW FORMS OF RHOPALOCHRA We ne Way ae J. J. JOICHY ¢ G. TALBOT.
38. NEW FORMS OF NOCTUIDA ie Ree eee SES Miss A. EH. PROUT.
4. NEW FORMS OF GEOMETRIDAL see ae Farts latel 1B enOUuL:
5. NEW HETEROCHERA ace ie es eG ge aye!
J. J. JOICHY ¢ G. TALBOT.
V. Descriptions of New Forms of ees from
the Island of Hainan a ou edi 5y; J. J. JOICEY & G. hile
INDEX, with references to all forms referred to in the text ... os oe se ok A189
Bull, Iatulll Mus, Woll, I 192i
; 7 ; j j ; { 1
Mr. J. J. JOICEY.
VII.
WADUE IX-XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX-XXIV. Ih
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Frontispiece—Mr. J. J. Joicey.
A Group taken at the Hill: J. J. Joicey; T. A. Barns, the African Collector; A. E. Pratt, the New Guinea Collector ; F. le Cerf of the Paris Museum; P. I. Lathy, curator to Mdme. de Horrack-Fournier ; G. Talbot.
The Hill Museum, a part of the interior.
The Hill Museum, exterior.
The Hill Museum Annexe.
Photo-micrographic Department.
Map to illustrate Mr. and Mrs. Barns’ route.
“An Elusive Papilio,’ from a drawing by T. A. Barns.
LIST OF PLATES.
Euploea and Hypolimnas forming a mimetic group in the Key Islands.
Euploea, Elymnias, and Taenaris forming a mimetic group in the Aru Islands.
Taenaris myopina and myops from the Aru Islands.
HKuploea and Hypolimnas forming a mimetic group in the Tenimber Islands.
Kuploeines forming a mimetic group in Australia.
HKuploeines forming a mimetic group in Fiji.
Cethosia and Danais.
Forms of Hwploea helcita.
Genitalia of Africa Hrgolis.
Genitalia of African Charaxes.
Forms of Charazes eupale, dilutus, and swbornatus.
Genitalia of African Lycaenidae.
New African Rhopalocera.
New African Noctuidae.
New African Geometridae.
New Rhopalocera from Hainan,
A i ; : ri *
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I—INTRODUCTION.
1-—PREFATORY NOTE.
HIS magazine has been established by Mr. J. J. Joicey for the
|" purpose of giving to the entomological world the results of
studies carried out at the Hill Museum, Witley. As the title
of the magazine indicates, these studies deal solely with Lepidoptera.
The collections at the Hill Museum have increased so largely, and the
work on them is assuming such proportions, that it is felt we should have our own publication to deal with the results.
It is proposed that this journal be issued half-yearly, but more frequent publication may be possible should there be a sufficient number of subscribers.
In presenting the first number to our fellow lepidopterists, some account will be needed of the Hill Museum and its activities, and also of the principles adopted by us in Lepidopterology and of the methods employed.
2—THE GROWTH OF THE HILL MUSEUM.
The Museum was built by Mr. J. J. Joicey to house his increasing collections of exotic and British Lepidoptera. Mr. Joicey’s interest in collecting these insects dates from 1906, and since this time he has been indefatigable in adding new forms to the collection. The celebrated collection of the late Henley Grose-Smith was purchased in 1910, and this was followed in 1912 by the purchase of the very extensive and widely-celebrated collection formed by the late Herbert Druce. These collections made it necessary to have a special building, and this was opened in 1913. About this time the Suffert collection was purchased, and also most of the types of species described by Wichgraf. There was also added a mass of material sent home from North Peru by Mr. A. EK. Pratt, who, with his son Felix, made a collecting expedition on behalf of Mr. Joicey during 1912. They traversed a little-known part of North Peru, crossed the Andes, and descended the Amazon. These two intrepid collectors went out to Dutch New Guinea for Mr. Joicey in 19138, being joined by Mr. Pratt’s younger son Charles.
4 Introduction
They sent home very large collections from the Arfak Mountains, the Schouten Islands and Waigeu. ;
In 1916, Mr. Joicey acquired the collections of Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae formed by Colonel Charles Swinhoe, and in 1917 there was added the famous collection of South African Rhopalocera made by Roland Trimen, which formed the basis of his work on the South African Butterflies.
In 1919, Mr. Joicey acquired the collection of Heliconius formed by the late Herr Riffarth and most of the Lepidoptera collected by Lieut.-Colonel Nurse in Aden, Baluchistan, and Somaliland. There was also added the very fine collection of Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae formed by Mr, Hamilton H. Druce.
The extensive collection of Lepidoptera, with the exception of the Indo-Australian Moths and types of Palaearctic species, formed by H. J. Elwes, Esq., was added in 1920. The same year saw the arrival of many thousands of Lepidoptera obtained by Mr. 'l. A. Barns on an expedition made through Hast Central Africa on behalf of Mr. Joicey.
We must include some very large collections made by Mr. W. J. C. Frost, who visited the Islands of ’enimber, Aru, Key, Misol, Obi and Sula, during 1916—1918. From 1918—1920, Mr. C. Talbot Bowring sent many thousands of specimens from the Island of Hainan, and these were generously presented by him.
During 1920 the brothers Pratt, working in Central Ceram on behalf of Mr. Joicey, sent home a thoroughly representative collection of the Lepidoptera met with in the high mountains of the island.
The collection of Rhopalocera formed by Monsieur P. Dognin was acquired early in the present year, and includes the types of species described by him.
Besides the material enumerated, much of a miscellaneous character was added from time to time from all parts of the world.
The collection of British Lepidoptera was also increased very largely from 1912 to 1920. Many rare forms and aberrations were purchased at the sales of certain celebrated collections, and many additions to the local fauna were made by day and night collecting.
Since 1915 the staff of the Museum has been increased to deal with the work entailed by the enormous accessions, and it now numbers seven persons.
To house the increased collections, an annexe was added in 1920. This was adapted from an Army hut over eighty feet long by twenty feet. wide, and serves the purpose very well, being insulated from damp
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Introduction 5
and heated by anthracite stoves. Here was installed a photographic department, under the direction of Mr. H. J. Campbell, with facilities for photo-micrography.
A small laboratory has been arranged in connection with the necessity for performing anatomical studies. A new technique for making preparations of genitalia is being perfected, and a full account of this will be given in a future number of this journal.
3.—GHNERAL AIMS.
The primary object of Mr. Joicey in making this collection of Lepidoptera is to advance in some way our scientific knowledge. When he sent out Mr. Pratt and his son to Northern Peru in 1912, it was in the hope that some species new to science would be obtained, as well as for the gratification to be afforded by adding largely to the collection. The formation of a large collection has its value, because without access to plenty of material studies can only be incomplete, and results are often erroneous. No proper view can be taken by com- paring scattered material. Correct results are more readily obtained with good series of specimens from all localities, provided with proper data, and available in one place.
No apology should be needed for amassing large collections, for research into the problems affecting such variable organisms as Lepid- optera is dependent for its success on the availability of large numbers of specimens.
The naming of new forms is a necessary work which must be carried on by all who are possessed of new material, but we are con- cerned also with other investigations. We consider it important to work out all the material sent by the special collectors, and to prepare a full analysis and a list of the forms met with in each area. Such faunistic studies yield much information on distribution and relation- ship. Several are in preparation, and we propose to publish the results in this journal from time to time.
Work on the structure of the genital armature has been com- menced, and it is hoped that many doubtful questions affecting specific distinctions may be cleared up, and that we may ultimately extend the study in various ways.
The present paper, dealing with the results of the Barns’ Expedi- tion, will be followed by one on the Lepidoptera of Hainan, and in due course there will appear similar papers on the Lepidoptera of the
6 Introduction
Schouten Islands, and on collections received from Dutch New Guinea, Waigeu, Mefor, Mysol, Key, Aru, Tenimber, Obi, Central Ceram and the Sula Islands.
It is proposed to monograph the genus Delias, and material to this end is being accumulated. Certain studies on Mimicry phenomena are also in contemplation.
4—PRINCIPLES ADOPTED IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIMENS.
We accept the terminology in use by the majority of systematists, and distinguish between a geographical race, an individual variation, and a seasonal variation. We also agree that a figure of any sufficiently distinct form should be given whenever convenient, but do not consider the absence of such a figure to be entirely prejudicial to the description, and in any case no figure is of value unless accompanied by a descrip- tion, however brief.
The individuals of a species are grouped under their various races and arranged in geographical order as far as convenience permits. The individuals of each form are grouped according to locality or zoological area, the sexes being sorted in every such series. Any type specimens are placed at the end of a series comprising the form named. The name-label placed at the bottom of a series bears the original type- locality. :
Where known forms are absent in the collection, a name-label, with figure if available, is placed in the position of the missing form.
Families are arranged geographically instead of in any so-called phylogenetic order. The phylogeny of the forms of Lepidoptera cannot be said to be correctly understood at present. Not only does the geographical arrangement help us to an understanding of phylogenetic relationships, but it is of great value in finding any desired form in a great collection, and enables one to get some idea of the forms occuring in a given area.
A card-index catalogue of the collection was commenced in 1915. Each card bears the name of the species with its original reference, also the number of the drawer in the collection, and a list of the localities of the specimens. A separate index is made for types. These indices are yet far from complete, but are compiled whenever a group is properly worked through.
S28
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Introduction 7
5.—PRINCIPLES ADOPTED IN THE CLASSIFICATION QuN MD WIPIBIS).
The importance of the correct designation of type-specimens is often overlooked by nomenclators, and the describers of new forms are often faced with the difficulty of deciding what specimens exactly represent the previously-described allied form.
The first scientific classification of types was made by Schuchert and Buckman in 1905 and forms the subject of a paper in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. for that year, Ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 102. This scheme has been adopted by the Hill Museum in the classification of new forms, and in re-classifying the types of other authors which are contained in the collection.
We take this opportunity of placing before entomologists the following amendment to the paper of Schuchert and Buckman.
PRIMARY TYPES.
ALLoryPE (A.T.).—* A paratype of the opposite sex to the holotype.” — “The Entomological Code.” Washington, May, 1912, § 70.
NEALLOTYPE (N.At.).—A specimen described subsequently as the type
of the other sex.
This word was suggested by Mr. J. Hartley Durrant to illustrate our definition.
PaRaTYPE (P.T.).—This term should be accompanied by the sex of the specimen, as P.T. 3, meaning a specimen of the original 3 series, or P.T. 2, for a specimen of the original ? series. A paratype may be a specimen of a series represented by a holotype, an allotype, or by a neallotype.
Besides giving the specimen its proper type label, a method of numbering has been adopted by Mr. Durrant. He gives each specimen a fractional number, the numerator being the number of the indi- vidual in the series, the denominator the number of specimens in the series. ‘Thus 2/18 denotes the second specimen in a series of 18. As the original description should indicate the number of specimens, we see no use in noting each one unless they call for special notice.
We propose to apply this method where the original series shows any variation, the number 1 indicating the holotype or the allotype, and succeeding numbers indicating divergence. If there are ten variable specimens, they should be arranged in order of divergence
g Introduction
from the type, and they will bear numbers 2/10, 3/10, etc. If all the specimens exactly agree they will be numbered 1/10. Any speci- men can be indicated in the original description by its fractional number.
6.—STUDIES ON THE GENITAL ARMATURE.
Mr. Joicey has equipped a small laboratory in connection with the Museum for the purpose of carrying out work on the genitalia. This is in charge of Mr G. L. Birbel, and all dissections and drawings are by him unless otherwise stated. The morphological differences are also worked out by Mr. Birbel.
A process has been developed whereby dissections can be made without the abdomen sustaining any obvious mutilation. A full account of the technique will be given in a future number of the journal.
It is not possible to carry out dissections of all described forms, as time would not permit, but the new technique enables us to dissect specimens which may otherwise not become available.
The nomenclature employed in describing the organs is the one given by Dr. J. McDunnough, the Canadian Entomologist, vol. xliii, June, 1911.
The terms anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral, are used in relation to the whole of the organs, e.g., where the valve is connected with the sternite, this is the anterior end.
7.—THE INCORPORATION OF NEW MATERIAL.
If a collection of insects is built up for scientific study, some care must be taken in the acquisition of material. We endeavour to keep as near as possible to the following plan in making accessions :—
(1) Forms not represented in the collection.
(2) Material from a zoological area which is as yet unrepresented in the collection.
(3) Type specimens of any kind.
(4) Material provided with proper data, and serving to replace specimens not so provided.
(5) Forms already in the collection but which are subject to variability.
(6) Forms already in the collection but which may be replaced by better specimens from the same localities.
lntroduction
Sa Hh) AC@UISITION OF DAMA.
Before Entomology became the scientific study which it is now, most specimens in collections were accompanied by no indication of their habitat, and if any such label was affixed, it bore the legend “India,” ‘America,’ “‘ Amazon,” ‘‘ Peru,” ‘‘ Bogota,” etc. These were often erroneous, besides being ambiguous. Students of Ento- mology very soon found that the more exact the information they obtained as to the habitat, the more accurate would be their studies in classification and distribution. With the formulation of new bio- logical problems, especially the baffling phenomena of mimicry, the need arose for data of another kind to be added.
We point out to our collectors the importance of furnishing adequate data with their specimens, and in 1919 I drew up a schedule of requirements in this respect. This has been sent to our principal collectors, and whilst it may not be complete, it covers the most important points on which information should be sought. We print this schedule below, and would welcome any suggestions in regard to it.
1. Locauirty.
(a) If name is not on map give approximate position in relation to a place which is on the map.
(b) Write a short account of geographical features. This will include the general configuration, the presence of water, and distance from the sea in case of islands.
(c) Nature of the Flora, noting special types.
(d) Vertebrate Fauna; abundance or not of birds, reptiles, and mammals.
(e) If a mountain, indicate which side.
(f) If a river, indicate which bank.
(g) Height above sea-level.
2. CLIMATE. (a) General remarks. (b) Rainfall and humidity. (c) Temperatures taken at coolest period, medium period, and hottest time of the day. (d) Kind of season: wet, dry, or both. (e) Prevailing winds.
3. TIME. (a) Day and month when taken. (b) Taken in a.m., p.m., or at dusk, or attracted to light at night.
LO
Introduction
4, HABITS oF ADULTS.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f) (g)
(h) (1)
Usual feeding haunts.
What species fly together ?
When several forms are feeding or at rest in one assemblage, try to take all by waiting for those that are disturbed to come back. Keep such lots separate.
Note any protection afforded by coloration, etc., when at rest.
Note whether conspicuous on the wing, and if can be mistaken for another species.
Note any bird or animal seen catching butterflies, and what species of butterfly.
When skinning any birds, note if any remains of Lepidoptera are in the crop. Contents of crops may be sent for examination at home, if not possible in the field.
Resting attitude.
Do the sexes fly together, and have they similar habits? Do the males ‘‘assemble”’ to the females ?
5. Hapits oF LARVAE.
(a) (b)
(c) (d) (e)
Endeavour to rear larvae. (See separate instructions.)
When adult is known, preserve the larva, both by fixation and by formalin. (See separate instructions.)
Note coloration when alive.
Note time when feeding.
Note if conspicuous or protected.
(f) Preserve portion of food-plant, and include flower where possible. (g) Note month. (h) Any habits. (i) Any enemies observed. (j) Fix any larvae with curious structures. (k) Resting-attitude. 6. PUPAE.
Preserve all pupa-cases where the adult is known. Kill live pupae which are nearly ready to emerge, but only of known species.
Uo OWES
Where identified preserve some in 5 per cent. formalin. Label with date.
ante
|
j
H |
THE HILL MUSEUM ANNEXE.
Introduction 11
8. PRESERVING LARVAE. (a) Fixation for microscopical examination.
Take specimens which have just moulted, or which are not going to moult soon. Drop them in fixative.
After a few hours large specimens (exceeding 2 inches in length), are cut into two or three pieces with a sharp razor at junction of segments. All are transferred to fresh fixa- tive for twenty-four hours.
Transfer to fresh 90 per cent. alcohol for three days.
Put up in fresh 90 per cent. alcohol in tubes, label, seal tube.
(b) Preservation as Specumens.
Kill by drowning and put up in 5 per cent. formalin. Use no
alcohol, as it takes out colour.
(c) Keep species and different stages separate.
(d) Fix larvae whose adults are known, and also any others which present curious structures.
(e) Put all specimens where adults are known in formalin, and duplicates if available of any others which have been fixed.
9. PRESERVING ADULTS.
(a) Drop into fixative and after a few hours remove abdomen, wings, thorax, and head, and place all in fresh fixative. After twenty-four hours transfer all to 90 per cent. alcohol. After twenty-four hours transfer to fresh 90 per cent. alcohol. After three days put in fresh 90 per cent. alcohol in stoppered bottles.
(b) Keep species separate; but several specimens of a species can be put in same bottle. Keep some specimens entire.
(c) Fix specially any which are observed to have emerged from pupa, both immediately after emergence and also when wings are dry. These facts must be noted on a label.
(d) Fix butterflies of all groups and any strange moths.
(e) Gravid females of common specimens may be fixed.
1), REARING LaRvaz. Prepare several cages and keep clear of ants. Larvae of one kind, or ova, are placed in one cage which is called, say, 1. Note when any are going to moult, and as soon as they have done so, remove these to another cage which is called 1.1. As these moult, remove to another cage and call this 1.2;
12 Introduction
and so on to the pupae, these being removed to a cage for hatching.
As the larvae in the first cage change they are passed through the other cages.
As successive changes are made specimens should be removed for fixation and preserving, and a brief description of the coloration in the last instar should be made.
The cage numbers used for the first series bred will be 1, 11, 1°2, etc., the decimal showing which stages have been passed through. The next series bred will be 2, 2.1, 2.2, etc. These numbers must be put on the labels accompany- ing preserved specimens.
Always note when hatched from the egg.
11. BREEDING.
It is very desirable to obtain the g and ¢ for eggs and larvae, so that one can be sure they have not paired with any other form.
The parents must be included in the batch of specimens bred, other specimens being kept, no matter in what condition they may be, and the dates of emergence should be noted.
A pair should be used to keep eggs for future generation, and as many generations should be bred as convenient, but at least three or four. Hach generation should be kept separate.
12. RECORDS.
Hach package of specimens for transit home must bear a number corresponding to one in a book.
This book shall have numbered pages with a tear-off original and carbon copy.
The page number will be the number of the collection. On it will be written contents of package, where collected, number of specimens and any notes desirable.
The tear-off page will be sent in covering letter.
All letters will be written in similar carbon duplicate book with page numbers.
Labels can be written with waterproof Indian ink.
Carry a good scale map and chart the collecting grounds; also route taken.
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13
Il.— BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF
1h,
6.
10.
IU,
THE HILL MUSEUM.
1914—Joicey and Noakes. ‘“‘A New Oenetus from New Guinea,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xiv, pp. 282-88, pl. xiv.
1915—Joicey and Noakes. ‘“‘ Four New Delias and a New Orni- thoptera from the Angi Lakes, Arfak Mountains, North New Guinea, Coll. Messrs. Pratt and Sons,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xv, pp. 59-62, pls. iv-vi.
Noakes and Talbot. “ Ornithoptera joiceyt,” l.c., p. 59.
1915—Joicey and Talbot. “New Species of Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xv, pp. 295-301, pl. xu.
1915—Joicey and Rosenberg. ‘‘ Descriptions of New Species of the Pierine genera Catasticta and Daptoneura,’ Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond., pp. 147-51, pl. x.
1915—Joicey and Noakes. ‘New Butterflies and a Moth from Biak,” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 177-197, pls. xxi-xxviil.
1916—Joicey and Talbot. ‘“‘ New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xvu, pp. 68-89, pls. v-vil.
1916—Joicey, Noakes and Talbot. “New Lepidoptera from Dutch New Guinea,’ Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond., pp. 361-386, pls. lv-lxul.
1916—Joicey and Talbot. “A New Sphingid and little-known Butterflies from Africa,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), Xvi, pp. 477-478, pl. xu.
1916—Joicey and Talbot. “New South American Arctiidae,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xviii, pp. 53-62, pl. xiv.
1916—Joicey and Talbot. “ New Delias and other Butterflies from the Hast,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Ast. (8), xviii, pp. 63-67, pls. iv-v.
1916—Joicey and Talbot. ‘‘ New Lepidoptera from the Schouten Islands, with Description of a New Tineid by J. Hartley Durrant,’ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 65-85, pls. 1i-vi.
14
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
lie
ILS),
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Previous Publications of the Hill Museum
1916—Joicey and Talbot. “‘A New Form of Delias from Rossel Island,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xviii, p. 446.
1917—Talbot. ‘Note on Maiva sulphurea,’ Entomologist, vol. i, pp. 140-141.
1917—Joicey and Kaye. ‘‘ On a Collection of Heliconine forms from French Guiana,” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 412-431, pls. cvii-cviil.
1917—Joicey and Talbot. ‘‘New Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, pp. 50-85, pls. i-iv.
1917—Joicey and Kaye. ‘‘New Races and Aberrations of Heliconius,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, pp. 88-94, pls. v-vi.
1917—Prout. ‘‘ New Geometridae in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, pp. 108-127, pl. vil.
1917—Joicey and Talbot. “New Lepidoptera from Waigeu, Dutch New Guinea and Biak,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), XxX, pp. 217-229.
1917—Joicey and Kaye. “Two new Species and new Genus of Sphingidae,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, pp. 230-281, pl. viii.
1917—Joicey and Kaye. ‘New Species and Forms of Sphingidae,”’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, pp. 305-309.
1918—Prout. ‘‘ New Lepidoptera in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), 1, pp. 18-32.
1918—Kaye. “‘New Species and Races of Ithominae in the Joicey Collection,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), i, pp. 77-86.
1918—Joicey and Talbot. ‘‘ New South American Rhopalocera ; New South American Arctiidae; New Butterflies from Africa and the Hast; a Gynandromorph of Papilio lycophron Hbn.; Three Aberrations of Lepidoptera.” IZ V4So (USN), {995 ZOSSAIG, jolls Il,
1918—Prout. “ New Heterocera in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hust. (9), 1, pp. 312-318.
1918—Kaye. “On a New Genus and Two New Species of Amatidae (Syntomidae) in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), i, pp. 325-327,
26.
27.
28.
Zor
30.
ol.
BA.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
tions.
Previous Publications of the Hill Museum 15
1918—Kaye. ‘Descriptions from the Joicey Collection of new Species of Syntomidae, Nymphalidae, and Hesperwdae, and 'T'wo Genera of Syntomidae,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), u, p. 225-232.
1918—Prout. ‘New Lepidoptera in the Joicey Collection,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), ii, pp. 412-18.
1918—Kaye. “Catagramma pitheas and Catagramma cyclops Distinct Species,” Hnt. Mo. Mag., Ser. 3, vol. v, pp. 5-6.
1919—Prout. ‘“‘New and insufficiently known Moths in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), in, pp. 165-190.
1919—Kaye. “A Striking new Species of Catagramma from French Guiana,” Ent. Record, vol. xxxi, No. 2, p. 26.
1919—Joicey and Kaye. ‘“ Notes on a large Heliconine Collec- tion made in French Guiana in 1917,” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 347-353.
1919—Talbot. ‘“ Review of a Monograph of the Castniinae,” Nov. Zool., vol. xxvi, pp. 28-35.
1919—Prout. “A New Papilio Form,’ Entomologist, vol. lin, [Da LAS),
1919—Kaye. ‘New Species and Genera of Nymphalidae, Synto- midae and Sphingidae in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), iv, pp. 84-94.
1919—Prout. ‘‘New Species and Forms in the Joicey Collec- tion,’ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), iv, pp. 277-282.
1920—Prout. ‘“‘New Moths in the Joicey Collection,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), v, pp. 286-293.
1920—Tullett. ‘“‘ Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District, 1912-19,” Hnt. Record, vol. xxxu, pp. 52-58, 89-93, 110-117.
1920—Talbot. ‘‘ New Rhopalocera from Central Ceram,” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), vi, pp. 398-407, pls. xiv-xix.
1921.—Joicey and Talbot. ‘New Forms of Sphingidae,” Ento- mologist, vol. liv, pp. 105-109.
A total of 551 new forms is contained in the foregoing publica-
There is also. included the description of the other sex of
twenty-four known forms, and the description of three aberrations and one gynandromorph.
16
III.—EUPLOEINES FORMING MIMETIC GROUPS IN THE ISLANDS OF KEY, ARU, TENIMBER, AUSTRALIA, AND PIJI.
With an Appendia on the IpeNtrITY of Certain Forms of KUPLOEA, and the Description of a New Form of Female, and of a New Species.
By GEORGE TALBOT, F.E.S.
(Plates I—IV.)
This paper has been prepared at the suggestion of Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. It is important that as many facts as possible bearing on the subject of mimicry should be published, and illustrations given of the resemblances described. It is only by the accumulation of a vast body of facts that we can hope to arrive at a satisfactory solution of the problems presented by the wonderful phenomena grouped under the term “ mimicry.”
This paper could not have been written if I had not the rich material at the Hill Museum to work upon, and my thanks are due to to Mr. J. J. Joicey for enabling me to spend time on this study, and for his generosity in bearing the cost of the plates. I am also indebted to Professor Poulton, who, in the midst of his many activities, found time to look over the manuscript and to make helpful suggestions.
The material in the Hill Museum was especially suitable to the present study, because we were able to ascertain the total number of each form sent home from Key and Tenimber. Mr. W. J. C. Frost collected in these islands for Mr. Joicey, and the collection obtained was entirely representative. We can therefore see in what proportion the mimetic forms exist.
As a result of this investigation we found reasons for doubting very much whether certain species with a sexual brand on the fore wing were really distinct from forms in which this brand was absent. This point, however, does not affect the question of mimetic likeness on the same island, as the species concerned are not found together.
EHuploeines forming Mimetic Groups yf
A.—KEY ISLANDS GROUP. (Plate Ia.)
The Key Islands combination shows the greatest development of white markings. There is no such dominant white coloration in the species of the Aru Islands, where the tendency is in the other direction, and the forms are dark. The development of white coloration in the Key Islands is also noticed in Danais plexippus kyllene Fruh., in Cethosia chrysippe insulata Butl., and in the female of Troides hecuba. The pattern of these forms is quite unlike that of the Kuploeines, but the Cethosia mimics the Danais. Some other species of Huploea, which would form excellent members of the Key Island group, exist in places where no other white-banded butterfly is known to occur, as in New Guinea and the Solomons. Such species must presumably have derived their pattern from their progenitors in a locality where the mimetic stimulus was in operation. It may be that in some past epoch, this white-banded combination was spread over a larger land area, and that ultimately some members of it were cut off from their associates by geographical changes.
The allies of these white-banded Key Island forms all exhibit some ‘tendency to white scaling in the distal area of the wings. It may be inferred, therefore, that given the existence of a common white-banded Euploea, as assimilata Hopff., on Key, other species with this colour- tendency would develop it.
On an island, mimetic likeness should be more readily attained. If a conspicuous species becomes common, the limit to its range determined by the sea would serve to render the species more con- spicuous owing to the occurrence of more individuals in any part of the island. Just as species become changed by long continued isolation in islands, so mimetic likeness should undergo a similar change and become more intensified.
It is possible that the large white patch of the Danaine and the white patches on the wings of the Troides hecuba female, have some biological connection with the prevailing white coloration in the Euploeines and Hypolimnas, and we may perhaps look to the inten- sifying insular factor for an explanation. We must also not overlook the possibility that these forms may have derived their white colora- tion, or at least the tendency, from more ancient forms under different conditions. Both suggestions may be combined in seeking for a solution to the problem, for selection in the direction of mimicry would
utilize all suitable variations, including those which are atavistic, ) a2
18 Euploeines forming Mimetic Groups
The group discussed is composed of the following species (pl. 14) :-—
Huploewae. Nymphalidae. Crastia Group, clumena eurypon Hypolimnas deois hewitsonr Hew. (figs. 1, 2). NEV es Gives er ))c Calliploea Group, hopfferi Feld. Hypolimnas alimena heteromorpha (figs. 3, 4). Rob. 2 (fig. 8). Salpinx Group, assimilata Feld. (figs. 5, 6). The number of each species obtained by Mr. Frost is as follows :— EH. climena ewrypon ee oe a 8 8 oH 2 2 EL. hopfferi ee aM = a8 Gg We e EH. assimilata ... oh a AST LAs Oe Hyp. deois hewrtsonr oe so: 1 ,, alimena heteromorpha ¢ ie PALL
The relative abundance is as follows :—
Percentage of ee
Total of Frptoen —— ‘uploca and E.. alumena eurypon ge BS ASS) hod ten) E. hopfferi oe Hey ae Ge eae 2°9 Hassimilata ... an 2 46°9 cae 40°8 Hyp. deois hewitsonr 506 He = he 0°5 ,, alimena heteromorpha ve — 5 12°4
The specimens were collected from December to March, and in June and July. Most of the Huploeines were obtained from January to March, as also the Hypolimnas.
Danais plexippus kyllene Fruh. (pl. IVa, fig. 2) and Cethosia cydippe insulata Butl. (pl. IVA, fig. 1).
The resemblance between these two species already noticed is very striking and is interesting on account of the development of white coloration. ‘The white area is confined to a large apical patch on the fore wing; in both species this patch is larger than it is in any other form of the two genera, excepting in the Danais form laratensis But). inhabiting Tenimber, and here the patch is a little larger. There is no mimic of this Danais in Tenimber. It is curious that Cethosia cydippe should be absent from Tenimber, although ranging to Australia and the Bismarck Islands. If it existed before the coming of the Danais, which is a western species, it may have died out. The presence of the
Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups 1)
Danais would, on the mimetic theory, have conferred some advantage on this Cethosia, which possesses a white subapical band in all its forms. On the Key Islands the Cethosia is rare, there being only fourteen collected to eighty-seven of the Danais.
Among the three Kuploeines it is doubtful whether any one may have served as a centre of convergence. Although hopfferi is the rarer it possesses the least dyslegnic white marginal bands, but such bands are developed from sharply-defined spots, as will be seen by comparing other forms of Calliploea, and are themselves by no means sharply defined.
In assimilata the bands are less clearly defined than in the two other species, and in both sexes the bands are equally dyslegnic. The white bands are here the result of a suffusion of white scaling, this tendency being exhibited by other forms of Salpinz.
Taking ewrypon as a possible centre of convergence, we find it only slightly predominates in numbers over assimilata. The white bands otf eurypon are a little more clearly defined than in assimilata, the band on the fore wing of the female being more defined than on the male fore wing. Other forms of climena show a white band on the hind wing and a certain development of the band on the fore wing. As in assimilata the development of these bands is by a diffusion of white scaling.
It would appear, therefore, that neither species is by itself respon- sible for the pattern of the others, and since all show a fairly close approach to one another, the development has probably proceeded fairly equally among all three, the ancestral tendency becoming intensified through the factors present in insularity.
The same may be said of the two Hypolimnas, the female of these species often showing nearly as much white distal coloration in other parts of their range. It will be noticed that the band on the fore wing of the alimena form is as clearly defined as the band on the Calliploea, but in both cases these bands are developed from sharply-defined spots. The band on the hind wing of both the Hypolimnas is less clearly defined and is developed by suffusion.
There remains the possibility that Danais affinis vorkeinus Rob. may have served as a centre. This species was sent to the number of 142 and may therefore be said to predominate over either Hwploea and to be about equal to the number of all the three white-banded Kuploeines flying at the same time. This Danais exhibits a remarkable constancy of form and only differs from the typical Australian affinis Fabr. in the larger size of the spot in cellule 3 of the subapical band,
20 Kuploemes forming Mimetic Groups
Although there is no resemblance between this Danaine and any other Key Island butterfly, it is interesting as exhibiting an increase of white coloration.
B.—ARU ISLANDS GROUP. (Plate Is.)
The forms found on these Islands show on the whole a darker coloration than those of Key. A white-banded combination exists, but the individuals composing it are not common. Probably these forms centre around the white Taenaris catops Westw. (fig. 6), of which 215 specimens were sent, the presence of Danais affius Fbr., of which 90 specimens were sent, being also a contributory factor.
The following forms composing this group were collected from January to May :— ;
Danais affinis Fbr. Ninety specimens. This does not resemble the next three in pattern.
Euploea alumena vicina Feld. (figs. 1, 2) o @.
E. confusi grayt Feld. ¢ f. nov. (fig. 3). One specimen of this very remarkable form.
Elymnias agondas aruana Fruh. 9. Light form: twenty specimens, fig. 4. Dark form: twenty-five specimens, fig. 5.
The Hlymnias 2 light form, and the Huploea grayi ¢ , are probably associated with Taenaris catops West., of which 215 specimens were sent.
In association with this we have the white ? form onesiemus Hew. of Papilio aegeus ormenus Guer; of this ten specimens were sent and twenty-six of another form allied to leporina Jord., in which the discal patch of the hind wing is smaller than in any other form of ?.
The ? Hypolumnas alimena is represented on Aru by a form more typical of those occurring in most other localities. The white-margined hind wing is only seen in Key and Tenimber specimens, but the tendency is exhibited in Moluccan individuals. It is true that Felder figured a form (Reise Nov. p. 414, t. 55, figs. 5, 6) which he described from Aru from a specimen identical with the Key Island form, but we have not received one like it from Aru, and neither have we seen another similar specimen known to have come from there. We have one specimen with a very pale-margined hind wing and a pale brown margin to the fore wing; this is quite similar to the form found on Banda. It is certain that Felder’s polymena is not typical of Aru specimens.
ee
Kuploeines forming Mimetic Groups 21
We may infer that the T'aenaris has been a more recent addition to the fauna, and that the development of a similar white coloration among other butterflies has not proceeded so long on the Aru as on the Key Islands.
There is also the possibility that an older association has been partly broken up by the attraction of some members to the new model. We can recognize the Huploea climena, perhaps the Hypo- limnas 2, and the white margins of Huploea confusa ¢ form as possible survivors of an older association. The confuwsa form exhibits an interesting combination of markings. The central white area of the fore wing is perhaps an older development than the white margin, as the tendency to a pale discal area is seen in 2 ? from all parts of the species’ range. The white margin would appear to have resulted from association with other white-margined butterflies. If this is so it is strange that no allied form occurs on the Key Islands. We are driven to the conclusion that this form’ originated as a member of an Aru association of which only the vestiges remain.
Three.other Taenaris are found on the Aru Islands, and two of these are of interest, as they closely resemble one another. They are to be distinguished, however, by several points and also by the genitalia. T. artemis myopina Fruh. (pl. I, figs. 1, 2) is distinguished from T. myops Voll. (pl. Ila, figs. 3, 4), by the absence of black androconia on the inner margin of the hind wing. The dark ? form of the Elymnias closely resembles these T'aenaris.
The third Taenaris is dimona Hew., but we have nothing mimick- ing it on the Aru Islands, where it appears to be very rare. On New Guinea this species is mimicked by members of the Hyades group.
C.—TENIMBER ISLANDS GROUP. (Plate IIB.)
The dominant Huploea on Tenimber is elewtho sacerdos Butl. (figs. 1, 2), and this formed 84°5 per cent. of all the Huploeas collected. This species belongs to the group which bears one sexual stripe on the fore wing. This stripe exhibits some variation in size in some species, and there is a probability that some forms placed in the group without sexual stripes may be forms of species which possess these stripes.
The next species in order of frequency is visenda Butl. (figs. 5, 6), belonging to the Calliploea group, which formed 13°4 per cent. of the whole.
22, Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups
A third species is compta Rob. (figs. 3, 4), belonging to the group without any sexual stripe on the fore wing. This is one of the rarest species in the genus and represented only 11 per cent. of the whole. This species bears a closer resemblance to visenda than it does to sacerdos, whilst in structure it is probably nearer the latter.
A fourth species is peloroides sp. nov. (fig. 8 3,9 ?), a description of which is given in the appendix. It is rarer than compta and formed only ‘8 per cent. of the whole. It belongs to the Stictoploea group and bears a very close resemblance to sacerdos.
Among the butterflies of other families found on Tenimber, there is only one which can be said to enter into the Kuploeine combination. This is the @ of Hypolimnas alimena forbes: Butl. (fig. 7). This formed 15 per cent. of the total of Huploea and forbes.
We have seen that on the Key and Aru Islands the pattern of this Hypolimnas 2 is accentuated in combination with a white-margined group of Euploeas.
Variation in the Spots of Sacerdos.
When first examining the series of this species, it was noticed that the spots on the fore wing were of obvious variability in size, and that the discal spots appeared to be more variable than the subapical ones. At the time the importance of such a variation was not considered but for the purpose of the present investigation, the extent of this variation requires to be ascertained more exactly.
If one group of spots were less variable than the other we should incline to think that the less variable were the more ancient and the more important in preserving the mimetic likeness. Hence the spots which vary most would be those which enter least into the mimetic combination.
It is evident that more opportunity for mimetic approach would occur in the more variable spots. As the mimetic likeness became stronger the variation would become less, and the more perfect the likeness the less variation should be found in the spots composing the whole pattern. In cases of close mimetic approximation little variation is noticed in models and mimics from the same locality, but the once variable mimic shows in the dyslegnic edges of its pattern the existence of the varietal tendency.
We hope to return to this aspect of variation in a later paper when the spots of a large series have been measured. Then it may be shown
aneenspemniment
Euploeines forming Mimetic Groups 23
whether the discal spots are actually more variable than the subapical ones.
The number of each species collected is as follows :—
HE. eleutho sacerdos But. ee - toot PASO EH. visenda Butl. ..... ai # ack 47 E. compta Rob. ae < ae Ne: 4 E, peloroides, sp. nov. < 386 3 Hypolimnas alimena forbesi Bet ap aie 66
The model is evidently sacerdos. The spots on the fore wing of compta are dyslegnic as is also the band on the hind wing of the Hypolimnas.
D.—AUSTRALIAN GROUP. (Plate IIIa.)
In Australia, elewtho has become very specialised and forms probably a second species, corinna Mcleay, just as a certain Polynesian species has a distinct representative in Fiji. The group is constituted as follows :— . (Crastia) cornna Mcleay, figs. 1, 2. (Calliploea) tulliolus darchia Mcleay. . (Calliploea) hymens niveata Butl. (Crastia) eichorni Ster., figs. 6, 7. (Stictoploea) sylvester Fbr., figs. 4, 5. (Stictoploea) pelor Doubl., fig. 3. pelor is regarded by Waterhouse and Lyell (‘‘ The Butterflies of Australia’) as a race of sylvester. This conclusion is borne out when mimetic comparisons are made. In pelor the fore wing has the two discal spots placed farther from the margin, the lower one being placed as in corinna. The band of the hind wing is broken up and clearly resembles the band in corinna. The spots in pelor are dyslegnic, and in the form dardanoides W. and L., all the markings are dusky.
E. sylvester pelor occurs at Port Darwin, Daly B., Roper R.
E. sylvester f. crithon Misk., occurs at Cape York and on Darnley Islands.
This form is without spots, and intergrades eit between it and the typical form. Waterhouse and Liyell “consider it probable that crithon is identical with Stictoploea immaculata Butl., from New
%
Guinea.” E. sylvester f. dardanus Misk., occurs at Cape York—and on Prince of Wales Island, Bank Island, and Thursday Island. This form is
24 Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups
more like pelov, but the two discal spots on the fore wing are not quite so far from the margin, though they are more proximal.
EH. sylvester sylvester Fabr., occurs from Thursday Island to Towns- ville and Mackay.
Both corinna and sylvester are variable in the north, and are nearly constant in the southern part of their range.
Typical sylvester 1s mimicked by evchorni, which occurs in the same area, and is rarer than either corinna or sylvester.
Typical corinmna is mimicked by sylvester pelor and sylvester dardanus.
It looks as though the sylvester f. crithon acquired markings in association with corimna, and that these markings were intensified by association with evchorni.
K.—FlJl ISLANDS. (Plate IIIs.)
This combination is only represented by two species of Huploea— helcita eschscholtz Feld. (fig. 3), and proserpina Butl. (figs. 1, 2), and is similar to but less white-marked than the Tenimber group. These
were first discussed by Mr. J. C. Moulton in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1908,
p. 603, and figured on pl. 34. The discal spot on the fore wing of proserpina was held to have been lengthened inwards so as to afford a superficial resemblance to the chief spot of its model. The discussion of these species was continued by Professor Poulton in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 1919, pp. lxix-lxxi, and a third mimic introduced, Danais (Tirwmala) neptunia Feld. (pl. [Va, fig. 3). Professor Poulton showed that the females were better mimics than the males, that the fore wing pattern of the female proserpina was more highly dyslegnic, that of the male less so, and that of the model still less so. He further suggested that proserpina was a model for the other Huploea as regards its hind wing pattern.
At a meeting of the Entomological Society on November 17, 1920, Professor Poulton exhibited further instances of the mimetic association between two Euploeines and one Danaine in Fiji (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1920, pp. Ixxx-Ixxxili). He showed that the female Danaine resembled the Huploeas more closely than the male. It was also recorded that the two Kuploeas fly together in different parts of Viti-Levu and on adjacent islands, and that they are often accompanied by the Tirwmala. There was also evidence that the model ‘‘ elewtho”’ was at certain times and places more abundant than its mimic proserpina.
Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups 25
The species referred to as elewtho Quoy, in these accounts of the Fiji group, should be called helcita eschscholtzi Feld. The synonymy and identity of this and other forms is given in an appendix to this paper.
A third Huploea occurs on Fiji, which should enter into the combi- nation, but we have seen no specimens of it. This is H. (Calliploea) tulliolus forstert Feld. It must be very rare. We have seen already that the mimetic forms of this group of Hwploea are rare on Tenimber and Key.
It is interesting to note that H. proserpina is rather different in pattern from any other Hwploea, yet in point of structure it is related to either pakullec Butl., or to some other form of the duponcheli group.
We may note here that but one other species of Huploea occurs on Fiji, H. nemertes macleayi Feld. This is darker than the others.
The discovery by Professor Poulton that mimetic forms could generally be distinguished, model from mimic, by the eulegnic pattern of the former and the dyslegnic pattern of the latter, is of great importance in determining the bionomic relationship between such forms. Where a mimetic resemblance is found to occur we are able to confirm the other evidence which points to one species being the model and the other the mimic. It also helps in establishing the distinction between model and mimic, a distinction at least specific but more often generic or even indicating a larger group.
Where a form is found to be structurally different from allied forms and another form likewise structurally different is found to resemble it, we may conclude that such a form is very distinct and has been distinct for a considerable time, and that when a number of forms with similar characters are mimicked, each in its own area, they would constitute a good genus.
The recognition of mimetic resemblance is therefore an aid to the systematist.
It is doubtful whether we are correct in considering the Huploeinae and Heliconiinae as representing each a single genus. The number of genera made by Moore for the Huploeinae must in any case be considerably reduced, since these genera were based on secondary sexual characters alone. The grouping made by Fruhstorfer in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera is more probably correct, but in the case of Crastia it is doubtful if this can be divided. The existence of minietic forms with a characteristic wing-shape and invariable sexual secondary characters, point to a generic association. Thus we may distinguish as genera Crastia, Calliploea, and Salpina.
26 EKuploeines forming Mimetic Groups
Any interpretation we have made of the facts brought forward in this paper must be taken as entirely suggestive in the absence of evidence that the aposematic pattern confers protection on the individuals in the areas concerned. Nevertheless, the larger the body of observed facts which are consistent with an hypothesis supported by such evidence in other areas, the greater the probability that the hypothesis is valid.
APPENDIX.
A. THe IDENTITY OF SOME FoRMS OF Huploea.
1. Huploea eleutho Q and G. (pl. IIIB, fig. 6).
Some confusion has existed as to the identity of this species, due chiefly to its remarkable resemblance to helcita Bdv., especially in tenor
This species was first made known by Quoy and Gaimard, who figured it in Freycinet’s Voyage, pl. LXXXIII, fig. 12 (1815). The text of this work was not published until 1824, when the authors gave a description of eleuwtho on p. 554, and indicated the locality as Guam, in the Marianne Islands. ‘They say: “ Nous n’avons rapporté que des males. Ils ont aux ailes supérieures, comme plusieurs de leurs congéneres, une raie longitudinale plus claire que le fond. Ce papillon est tres répandu aux Mariannes; on dit méme le considerer comme lespéce la plus commune. II se plait sur les fleurs d’un petit arbrisseau qui croit sur les bords de la mer et forme des buissons touffus.”
Prior to the publication of the text of Freycinet, Godart, in his Ency. Méth. Supp. ix, p. 815, published a good description of eleutho.
In Voy. Astrolabe, published in 1832, Boisduval describes elewtho on p. 100, and gives Tahiti as an additional habitat. He does not mention the stripe of androconia on the fore wing, and it is evident that he had either the ? before him or specimens of helcita, which he supposed were ? ? of elewtho. (It was not until 1859 that Boisduval described helcita as another species, recognizing that the form from New Caledonia was rather different from elewtho and similar forms elsewhere.)
Monsieur Charles Oberthiir has very kindly sent me some interesting documents in Boisduval’s own writing. I quote from one of these on eleutho: “ Cet auteur’ (Godart) ‘dit qu'il n’a vu que des males, mais nous pouvons affirmés que les femelles ne different que par l’absence de
Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups 27
Vimpression matte. Hlle se trouve dans les tiles Mariannes. Nous en avons aussi regu des examplaires de Taiti et de Tonga-tabau.”
It is clear that Boisduval confounded helcita with elewtho, although he had seen the original specimens of Freycinet and labelled the type eleutho, probably giving the name for Quoy to describe.
In 1866, Butler in the Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 300, correctly identifies eleutho, but in succeeding papers he confounds it with helcita.
Moore, in his monograph of the Huploeinae in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883, correctly identifies elewtho, and places it in his group with one sexual mark on the fore wing. He however gives Samoa and the Ellice Islands as additional habitats, for specimens in the B.M. He again evidently took these specimens of helcita for ? 2 of elewtho.
Finally, on the publication of the Huploeinae in Seitz’s Macro- lepidoptera in 1910, vol. ix, Fruhstorfer distinguishes between elewtho and helcita in their different habitats, and correctly defines the species.
The type of elewtho is in the Paris Museum, and through the kindness of my friend Monsieur F’.. Le Cerf, I have recently been able to examine it, and to look up the rare work of Freycinet in which the species is figured and described.
Two specimens are labelled as types, one with the ticket ““ Guam ” and the other with “ Taiti.” The Guam specimen must be regarded as the holotype, as no mention of Tahiti 1s made in Freycinet and this locality is probably erroneous.
Besides the types, the Paris Museum contains a series of twenty- five ¢ g and one 2, all collected in 1887-1888 by Alfred Marche, on the Islands of Guam, Saypan, Rota and Umata. There is also one 2 without locality, from the collection of Lacordaire. ‘The series is very constant, and the 2 only differs from the S in the absence of the stripe of androconia.
Through the kindness of Monsieur Le Cerf, we are able to figure on pl. IlIp a ¢ of elewtho from Rota.
As illustrating the extraordinary resemblance between this species and helcita Bdv., we figure on plate IIIB two females, one of eleutho sacerdos Butl. (fig. 4) from Letti Island near Timor, and one of helcita walkert, Druce (fig. 5), from Tonga.
Eleutho is characterized by the outer edge of the discal spot in 3 being straighter and more sharply-defined and the second discal spot proximally lengthened. We can see no other constant difference between this and helcita.
It seems probable that these supposed species may be one and the
28 Huploeines forniing Mimetic Groups
same thing. ‘The two are not known to fly together, and no form of eleutho is known east of 150° EH. long., and no form of helcita west of 160° H. long. It does not appear improbable that the presence or absence of the sexual stripe may be geographical. We have already noticed variation in this sexual stripe, and it is sometimes absent in specimens of a series from the same locality, or it may appear in a species which normally does not show it.
The relationship between elewtho and helcita is perhaps indicated by whitmer Butl. from the Loyalty Islands, and schmeltzi H.S. from Samoa, which resemble the darker forms of helcita although they possess a sexual stripe in the male.
The synonymy of elewtho is now as follows :—
Danais eleutho Quoy and Gaimard, Freycinet’s Voy. Planches, pl. 83, f. 12 (1815); texte, p. 554 (1824) (Guam). Godart, Ency. Méth. Supp. ix., p. 815 (1823). Boisd. Voy. Astrol., p. 100 (1832) (partim.—Guam). Butler, P.Z.8., p. 300 (1866). Moore, P.Z.5., p. 272 (1874) (Guam). Frahstorfer, Seitz. Macrolep., ix, p. 241 (1910).
2. Huploea helcita Boisd. (pl. [VB, fig. 6).
This species was described in 1859 by Boisduval in the Bull. Ent. Soc. France, Ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 156, from a specimen from New Caledonia. Boisduval, in his description, does not give the sex, and says: ““Appartient & ce groupe propre en grande partie aux iles de locean Pacifique, dont les males sont caracterisés- par une raie luisante, glabre, sur le bord interne des ailes supéricures.”’
As this description appeared to complicate the question of eleutho and helcvta, | asked Monsieur Oberthiir if he would examine the type in his collection. He very kindly wrote and gave me much valuable information. The type is a male, and Monsieur Oberthiir says: “ Helcvta manque sur le dessus des ailes de ‘ cette raie luisante, glabre,’ que Boisduval invoque comme caracteristique du groupe.”
And further: “ Boisduval qui décrit un 3 de helcita, omet, au cours de la description, de dire que cette ‘raie luisante, glabre’ en dessus fait défaut a helcvta. De plus, Boisduval s’abstient, dans la description de helcita, de signaler les grosses taches blanches extracellulaires aux ailes superieures. I] est vrai qu’il compare ‘au port et a le taille de l’elewtho,’ qui presente a peu pres les mémes grosses taches.”’ .
Butler, in his monograph in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, believed helcita to be a local race of eleutho, as Boisduval’s description would lead one to suppose.
Huploeines forming Mimetic Groups 29
The synonymy will be as follows :—
Euploea heleita Boisd., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, Ser. 3, vol. vil, p. 156 (1859) (New Caledonia).
Euploea eleutho Boisd., Voy. Astrol. p. 100 (1882) (partim—Tahiti) (nec. Q. & G.) (= f. walkeri Druce).
Euploea eleutho Butler, P.Z.S. p. 276 (1874) (South Seas). l.c. p. 297 (1878) (Ellice Islands) (= f. distincta Butl.) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, vol. xiii, p. 343 (1884), (Fiji) (=f. eschscholtz
Feld); (nec. Q. & G.).
We figure the following forms of helcita to show the range of varia- tion. This kind of variation is not found in elewtho :—
helcita helcita Bdv. New Caledonia (pl. IVR, fig. 6). af walkert Druce (= matilica Fruh.). Tahiti, Tonga (pl). IVs, ayers IL, ye e intermedia f. indistincta Moore. Cook Is. (pl. I'VB, fig. 3). Es A f. wucolor Druce. Cook Is. (pl. IVB, fig. 4). lilybaea Fruh. 6. New Hebrides (pl. IVB, fig. 5).
3. Huploea proserpina Butl.
This species is treated as a race of elewtho by Fruhstorfer in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera. We believe it to be a distinct species. The hind wing is more oval than in eleuwtho, and the margin is not undulate as in that species; the sex-mark is shorter. It is more obviously allied to the duponcheli group, and may come near pakulle: Butl., from the New Hebrides.
I recently had an opportunity of examining the type of bowsduvalii Lucas in the Paris Museum. This is certainly an aberration of pro- serpina with the spots clouded over. The type is labelled “ Australie,” and is a od, but nothing like it is known from Australia. Monsieur Le Cerf informs me that the specimen was sold to the Museum with the label “ Australie”’ by a Monsieur J. Verreaux, a dealer in Paris.
This specimen shows the elongated discal spot, and is more likely to have come from Fiji, where the helcita form is common.
No similar specimen exists in the Paris Museum, in the British Museum nor in the Joicey collection.
We consider that the evidence is sufficient for sinking proserpina Butl., as a synonym of boisduvalii Luc., but the latter name can still be retained to indicate the common white-spotted form,
30 Euploeines forming Mimetic Groups
EH. boisduvali Luc., Rev. Zool., p. 321 (1853) (“Australie”).
E. boisduval f. proserpina Butl., P.Z.S. (p. 800) (1866) (Fiji).
H. herrichw Feld.; Reise Nov. Lep. ii, p. 344, t. 39, figs. 3, 4 (1867).
4. Huploea pelor Doubl.
We must correct the statement made by Fruhstorfer on this form in Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera ix, p. 249. He records that pelor was never found in Australia again, and as he had a female form from Babber in Timor-Laut, “this is pretty certainly the true locality of the species”! Specimens which we have from Australia do not agree with Fruhstorfer’s description, which was evidently made from the Babber Island specimen, and must represent something else. They agree, however, with Doubleday’s figure.
This form is correctly treated and again figured by Waterhouse and Lyell in “ The Butterflies of Australia.’ They regard it as a race of sylvester Ebr.
B. A New Form oF Huploea confusa grayi FELD, AND A NEW SPECIES.
E. confusa grayt 2? f. mimetica f. nov. (pl. Is, fig. 3).
Fore wing with a large white discal patch, clearly defined distally and shading into brown basally, extending from the submedian to vein 4, being nearer the margin in cellule 2, and also extending along the lower margin of cell. A submarginal white band leaving a narrow margin of ground-colour; this band more clearly defined distally and shading into violet proximally, broader apically, and merging into the ground-colour below vein 2.
Hind wing with a broad white marginal band, its edge clearly but not sharply defined.
Underside as above, but the white markings are more sharply defined, and on the fore wing the white discal scaling extends to the margin. |
One ?. March to May, collected by W. J. C. Frost.
Euploea (Stictoploea) peloroides sp. nov.
This form is evidently the same as the specimen noted by Fruhstorfer in Seitz, Macrolep. IX, p. 249, from Babber, and which he described as pelor Doubl. It bears a remarkable resemblance to both pelor and sacerdos, but is more like the former. As pelor is con-
Euploeines forming Mimetic Groups ol
fined to Australia, it is probable that peloroides is allied to this, and is a mimic of sacerdos. The more ancestral form is probably jacobensi Roeb. from Wetter, as the Timor race of this species approaches pelorovdes in the more proximal position of the two discal spots.
This form is so much like sacerdos that it remained unnoticed for a long time amongst a big series of that form.
3 2. Upperside with the pattern of pelor Doubl. Fore wing with four subapical spots, the one nearest the costa minute, the second in 7 much larger, the third in 6 very large (4 mm. long and 2°5 mm. broad), the fourth in 5 smaller than the second, a fifth spot in 4 below the fourth not larger than the first spot. A discal spot in 3 about 6 mm. long, and another smaller one below it in 2. Three small bluish-white costal spots, in the ?, a fourth spot in 5. Hind wing with a postdiscal band of spots as in pelor. An antemarginal series of dots which are only faintly marked.
Underside of fore wing with subapical and discal white spots as above. A postcellular series of six small bluish-white spots, a bluish- white costal spot and one in the lower end of cell. An antemarginal series of white dots more strongly marked than in pelor. Hind wing with postdiscal band as above. A postdiscal series of seven small bluish-white spots, a second small bluish-white spot in 7 placed nearer the margin, and one in the lower end of cell. A series of antemarginal dots as on the fore wing.
Ground-colour of both wings very much as in timora and sacerdos, fore wing blackish in proximal half.
Length of fore wing: g¢ 34mm., ? 386 mm.
Habitat.—Tenimber Island, South Yamdena, 20 miles north of Saumlakki, November to March, 1917 to 1918, W. J. C. Frost, one ¢ (type) ; June, July, September, 1918, two 2 2.
wo to
CO ean eh
EXPLANATION OF PLATES I—IV.
IDyAIUD, IL,
A.—KEY ISLANDS GROUP.
Euploea climena ewrypon Hew. 3. » » » Wis , hopfferr. Feld. 3. A Skis Pi fe assimilata Feld. 3. Fr i ae Hypolimnas deois hewitson Wall. 2. s alimena heteromorpha Rob. ?.
B.—ARU ISLANDS GROUP.
EKuploea clumena vicina Feld. 3. 99 ” my) © O ; confusa grayt ¢ f. mimetica nov. Elymmas agondas aruna Fruh. °. 9 99 99 2. . Taenaris catops Westw. 3.
Plate I. Bull. Hill Mus. Vol. I. 1921.
MIME ICeGROU RS! INIT EME YerAIN DARIO as:
PLATE II.
A.—ARU ISLANDS TAENARIS.
Fig. 1. Taenaris artemis myopina Fruh. 3. 2. ” 9 ” ? i, 3. e myops Voll. 3. 4. FF 5 oe B.—TENIMBER ISLANDS GROUP. Fig. Huploea eleutho sacerdos Butl. 3.
1
2 " Oz 3 y COULDA IROlO, ~S
4. is ‘3 2.
5, i visenda Butl. 3.
6 i Hi os
7. Hypolimnas alimena forbest Butl. ¢ . 8. Huploea peloroides sp. nov. 3.
2) ae
”) ) Le)
Plate II. Bulle salle Witss “Wolk ley Wg92ie
MIMETIC GROUPS IN THE ARU AND TENIMBER IS.
Le bono
Pe 5,
we
i Si:
Fig.
PAE nn:
A.—AUSTRALIAN GROUP. Euploea corinna Mcleay 3.
in oe
. sylvester pelor Doubl. 3. 5 + sylvester Fbr. 3. Pe nh a 2 3 eichorni Stgr. 3.
» 39 mn:
B.—FlJl GROUP, etc.
Euploea proserpina Butl. 3. b>) be) 2 . i helcita eschscholtz Feld. 3. eleutho sacerdos Butl. 2. Letti Is. i helcita walkert Druce 2. Tonga Is. Ms eleutho eleutho Q. & G. Marianne Is.
Plate III. Bull. Hill Mus. Vol. I. 1921.
EUPLOEINES FORMING MIMETIC GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA AND FlJl.
vey LP
Fig.
co NO
I, 2. 3. a 5 6
PASE ive
A.—CETHOSIA AND DANAIS.
Cethosia cydippe insulata Butl. 3. Danais plexippus kyllene Fruh. 3. Danais neptunia Feld. 3.
B.—FORMS OF E. HELCITA.
EL. helcita walkert Druce g. Tonga Is.
5 ap ae oa elea latte intermedia f. indistincta Moore 3. Cook Is. a a f. wnicolor Druce 3. Cook Is. lilybaea Fruh. ¢. N. Hebrides. helcita Bdv. 3. N. Caledonia.
Plate IV. Bulle balls Muss Vole 192i
MIMETIC FORMS OF CETHOSIA AND DANAIS AND FORMS OF EW PILOW/N SVEILG IITA
‘sudeg ‘y ‘y Aq suimeap we wody
« OITIdVYd AAISNIA NV,,
‘T66l “I 19A “SOI ITH “11Mg@
39
‘AN ELUSIVE PAPILIO.’
This photograph is from a coloured drawing made by Mr. T. A. Barns from memory. It represents a species of Papilio of which two specimens were seen by Mr. Barns in the district of the Upper Congo. A similar species, but probably identical, has been reported from Liberia.
No specimen has been obtained of this insect, and it must be exceedingly rare. We reproduce Mr. Barns’ drawing in the hope that entomologists in Africa will look out for the insect. We should be glad of any reports from anyone who has seen it.
The band on the fore wing is of a brighter blue than in zalmozis, and the coloration of the hind wing is similar to that of antumachus.
40
IV.—_NEW LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY MR. T. A. BARNS, IN EAST CENTRAL AFRICA.
I.—INTRODUCTION. lex” (Er, INI DsOn,
Early in 1919, Mr. Joicey arranged with Mr. T. A. Barns, already well-known in Africa as a great sportsman and ardent collector of insects, to undertake a collecting trip through a little-known part of the African Continent. Mr. Barns had sent us already many fine species, and we looked forward with every confidence to a great many more interesting additions. As the following papers will show, the results were as anticipated.
Mr. Barns, accompanied by his wife, who shared with him all the dangers and discomforts of the expedition, left Likasi, in the S. H. Belgian Congo, on June 3, 1919. During the preceding two months collecting had been carried on in the Lufira Valley near Likasi; some of the species proved to be new, and are described in the following pages.
Mr. and Mrs. Barns arrived at Albertville on Lake Tanganyika at the end of June, and crossed the lake to Kigoma. They proceeded thence by rail to Gottorp. This place was left on July 14, and pro- ceeding via Kassulu, Kihofi, and the Malagarassi Valley, Kitega was reached on August 4. The Urindi and Ruanda districts were not found to be rich, and it was decided to push on to the north end of Lake Kivu. This was done and Kissenyies reached on September 7, by way of Ruwuwu, Akanjaru, and Njawarongo Valleys, past Lake Tshohoa, Issawi Mission, and Niansa, the residence of the King of Ruanda.
From Lake Tshohoa no interesting country is passed until Lake Kivu is approached. They came out on to the lake half-way down its length on the east side, and struck north, keeping a few miles away from the shore.
The rains broke during the stay at Niansa and continued, with only a three weeks’ cessation, during the rest of the journey.
aes Mieri
l2
Long. Last From Greenwich.
MAP TO ILLUSTRATE Mr. ano Mrs. BARNS’ ROUTE.
Bull. Hill Mus, Vol. 1,
bb) R. *
ovenville kia,
orn ©
R.
*Motombi Uling> Fundi Sadi *- Kindu Misisi
Shabunda Mulungu—_ +
) > eal Kissengi.
ISendwe ;
a *kihembwe %)
« a i Makanga Difia d Kibombod
\Mokata Ro, Ke Mone Nyargwe <
Kasongo YY
AShialamal eating’
et
\2
Long. East From Greenwich.
MAP TO ILLUSTRATE Mr. ann Mrs. BARNS’ ROUTE.
1921,
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 41
Three excursions were made from Kissenyies: (1) To the Nira- gongo Volcano, 11,254 feet, the ascent of which was made; (2) to the Karissimbi, Mikeno, and Vissoke Volcanos, which were ascended to 10,000 feet; (3) to the Bugoye Lava Plains. Insect life is not very abundant in this volcanic region, and no mosquitoes nor white ants are to be found.
On October 27, a move was made to Rutshuru in the Belgian Congo, which was reached on November 3. The small patches of forest in this neighbourhood were very rich in Lepidoptera.
The country west of Lake Edward was in an unsettled state and therefore a barge was hired to take the expedition up the lake to Kasindi. Rutshuru was left on November 10, and proceeding over the Rutshuru and Ruindi Plains, to the south-west corner of Lake Kdward, the barge was met near the estuary of the Ruindi River.
Kasindi was reached on December 3, and after a few days a trail was taken through the plains to the west of the Semliki River. Beni was reached on December 14.
Beni was left on the 17th, and the ascent of Ruwenzori commenced by way of the Butahu Ravine. December 24 and 25 were spent under the snow-caps at 13,000 feet. Several very interesting species were collected on this trip. Beni was reached again on the 3lst. Leaving this place on January 3, the Semliki Forest was entered and a north- westerly direction taken. A camp was made on one of the sources of the Ibima River and four weeks spent in collecting in the forest around. At this camp Mr. Barns was unfortunate in losing his personal attendant, who died of sleeping sickness, and one of the porters suc- cumbed to a kind of Spanish influenza. A complete change of the personnel of the “safari” had to be made, and then the march was resumed to the north on February 10.
The west side of the Semliki Valley was followed and the escarp- ment mounted two days beyond Lesse.
Mr. Barns left the main camp south of Boga, and made an excur- sion of four days into the broken country to the west, drained by the small streams running into the Lenda River. Few if any white men have penetrated this region. Leaving this district they pushed on to Trumu on the Ituri River, reaching that place on February 19.
Irumu was left on March 9, the Ituri River crossed, and the valley followed to Avakubi by way of the new Belgian Post of Penghe.
Leaving the Ituri River at Avakubi, they crossed the watershed
42 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
to the Lindi River and thence travelled by way of the Tshopo and North Maiko Valleys to Stanleyville. Since leaving the Semliki Valley 500 miles had been covered on foot.
The actual mileage covered on this expedition was 3,515, including 1,655 miles on foot.
The number of specimens collected was 4,300 and of these 78 butterflies 18 Noctuidae, 23 Geometridae, and 16 other moths are described as new. The remainder of the moths is not yet fully worked out.
The collection also contained 685 other species of butterflies and over 200 other species of moths.
A complete catalogue will be published in another number of this Journal.
A list of the localities mentioned in the following papers, together with their approximate positions, is given below. They are arranged in the order of the route followed. A map to illustrate the route taken has been prepared by us and is included with this paper.
List oF LOCALITIES.
Lat Long Lufira Valley, S.E. Congo. > wl PAO. IS). 27° EH. Kikura River, Lufira Valley, 8.E. Cones == — Panda River, Lufira Valley — — Kassula, Malola River, Rutschugi valley:
Udjiji District Seer OO) Se LOS © (9) 10), Albertville, Lake Tanoanpiled ; 2S ots, DKS) 11) 1B, Mugowosi River, Malagarassi Valley, Wet
District . : a aS OS 30° 13 H. Nkoma Mountains, 8. Urindi District, E.
Tanganyika . 5 Be, 240) (Sy 30° 14 KH. Kassaka River, Malagarassi Valley, EK. Tan-
ganyika . . 4° 56 S$. 30° 19 H. Lumpungu River, Malagaras valley, Uiad:
District : : = aa Upper Ruvubu (aa) River, Urindi
District . between 3° 19 and 3° 23 S. 30° One Niansa, Ruanda_ . : > HO BAL TS), *29° 46 EH. Akanjaru River, Ruanda Distuic! = —— Lake Tshohoa, Ruanda District . 6 2 DEON) ss. 29° 44 Bh.
Kisaba Forest, KE. Lake Kivu, Ruanda District — Ss
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr.
Kissenji, Lake Kivu
Kissenji River, Lake Kivu
Niragongo Volcano, Lake Kivu
Karissimbi, Kivu
Mikeno Mountains, Kivu
Vissoke Volcano, Mikeno Mountainet Kieu
Kabati, Lake Kivu
Rutshuri River, N. Kivu
Rutschuru
Tallia River, Semiite Valley lt
Ruhindi Plains, south end Lake Bideed
Semliki Forest, E. Semliki Valley, Ruwenzori
Lower Batahu River, Semliki Valley
Kast side Semliki River, Ruwenzori
Upper Batahu River, Ruwenzori, 2,300 metres .
Ruwenzori, western slopes, 2, 200 to 000 rietres
1,000 to
Beni ;
Ituri Forest, two dag AorER’ went af Beni
Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni
Ibima River, Ituri Forest
Itoa River, Ituri Forest
Lesse, Ituri Forest, Semliki River .
Cartouche Village, near Lesse, west bank of Semliki
Irumu
Loya Valley, twenty frites ston of Tenet
Near Loya Valley, fifteen miles south of Irumu
Ituri Forest, north-eastern outskirts, three days south of Irumu
Ituri River, two days west of react
Ituri River, four days west of Irumu
Ituri River, three days west of Irumu
Ituri River, south side, five days west of Irumu
Avakubi, Ituri River
South-west of Avakubi, Lindi Rivers
Penghe, north bank of Ituri Ries
between Ituri and
T. A. Barns 43 Lat. Long.
Ags: 29° 45 HK. OOS Ss: 29° 45 BH. 1° 30 8. US)? By die WORT ts) 29 Book: I Bs 29° 56 HE. 0° 21 Zag (3) Wy O° 16 N 29° 44 to
29° 50 EH. 0° 26 N 29° 34 H. 0° 34 N OSE 8} Ids 0° 36 N PAS? INS 1D). 0° 42 N 29° 44 H. 1° 28 N 29° 52 EH. eZ OMING 27° 36 K. 1° 20 N. 28° 10 BH.
44 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Lat. Long. Ituri River, north bank, halfway between
Avakubi and Penghe = = Kast Epulu River, north Ituri Valley, Beneen
Penghe and Irumu == = North Ituri Valley, between Epulu sual Daye
River. = a Bafwasende, Lindi Rives . 5, 1 2 Ne 27° 10 B. Batama AONE OHI 93 13), Tshopo Valley, near i Batama = — North of Batama, between Lindi and able
Rivers. = = Bafwaboli, Tshopo River . O° Ba IN, KS P21), Maiko Valley, north side, near Stanleyville ; a = Stanleyville . ; PO aro OMINE 25° 15 E. Lisala, Congo River i ES SONG 21° 34 EH. Congo River, below Lisala_. = = Kabala, Upper Congo. . ’ — —= Kinchasa, Congo River, near Bracraville — = Brazzaville. 2. AUB) ts). 15° 22 KH. Kasama River : — — N. Rhodesia, Chambezi Welly. Kanutes River My S: 21° 30 HE.
2.-—NEW FORMS OF RHOPALOCERA. By J. J. JOICHY anp G. TALBOT. PIERIDAE. 1. Mylothris interposita sp. nov. (pl. IX, fig. 1).
This resembles faviana Gr.-Sm., but the colour is sulphur-yellow, as in sulphurea Auriv., and the apical black of the fore wing is of less extent than in flaviana, but as in sulphurea. It further resembles this form in the spot at vein 3 on the fore wing being free. The spots in the hind wing are as in flaviana.
Habitat.—Bafwasende, April, 1920, one 3.
We have called this a species for convenience. When the Mylothris are better known, such forms as ochracea Auriv., flaviana Gr.-Sm., sulphurea Auriv., citrina Auriv., promulina Butl., and dimidiata Auriv., will probably be found to be all forms of one species.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 45
2. Mylothris latimargo sp. nov. (pl. IX, fig. 2, 9,3 2).
Allied to yulec Butl., and distinguished from this by the narrow apical border on the fore wing, and the reduced yellow basal colouring.
3. Upperside as in yulet Butl. Apical black narrower, base shghtly tinged with yellow. Underside of fore wing has less basal yellow than in ywle:. Apical area washed with pale buff. Hind wing pale buff.
2. Upperside of fore wing with more creamy-white than in yulev ? but similar markings ; the edge of the apical patch is not sharply defined, and is marked with pale yellow stripes between the veins; basal yellow paler. Hind wing with a yellowish tinge.
Underside as in the 3, basal yellow extended.
Length of fore wing: ¢ 27 mm., ? 28 mm.
Habitat.—Kavirondo, E. Africa, August, 1901. A. H. Neumann, one o (type); Kikura River, Lufira Valley, S.H. Congo. T. A. Barns, one ¢ (allotype); Lumpungu River, Malagarassi Valley, Urindi District, July, 1919. T. A. Barns, one ¢.
The specimen from the Urindi District is a little different, but may represent a dry-season form. ‘The wings are white on both sides, the apical black is as in some specimens of ywlei, a little broader than the type and reaching vein 5. The marginal dots of the hind wing are obsolete.
3. Mylothris ruandana, Strand. @¢ (pl. IX, fig. 4).
Upperside with broader dark margin to fore wing, the basal half of cell scaled with brown. The hind wing of a deeper yellow than in the male. Underside as in the ¢, but fore wing with basal half of cell orange-yellow.
One specimen, also one ¢ from Lava Plains, Karissimbi, Kivu, October.
4. Pierts solilucis Butl. f. sabulosa 2° forma nov.
Distinguished from other females of this species by its yellow-sandy colour. The apical area of fore wing is broadly black-brown, reaching below vein 3; there is a marginal spot on vein 2 and a smaller one on the submedian. The hind wing has marginal dots on veins 1b, 2, and 3, and an indication of one on vein 4.
Underside not differing in colour from upperside.
Habitat.—Cartouche Village, near Lesse, W. bank of Semliki.
46 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
January, 1920, one ? (holotype); Lesse, Ituri Forest, Semliki River, February, 1920, one ?.
The second specimen is smaller, with a straighter outer margin to the fore wing, and somewhat resembles forms of the Pinacopteryx
group.
5. Pinacopteryx vidua ?, f. prumulina f. nov.
We assign this form to vidua Butl., because it was taken at the same place as the 3 of that form, and no other form was found in the district.
Upperside primrose-yellow. Fore wing with a faint reddish basal suffusion in one specimen, but well-marked in the other. A faint distal dot in three. A marginal row of blackish dots on the veins, and apex narrowly blackish. Hind wing with faint reddish suffusion in one specimen, and dots at end of veins—these absent in the other specimen.
Underside of fore wing darker at the apex, and with a red basal patch. A small spot in three as above, but no marginal dots. Hind wing darker than above. A curved row of faint blackish dots in 2-6, placed between the cell and the margin.
Length of fore wing: 20 mm.
Habitat.—Lake T'shohoa, Ruanda District, August, 1919, one ? (holotype) ; Akanjaru River, Ruanda District, August, 1919, one ?. T. A. Barns.
DANAIDAE. 6. Amauwris egialea similis subsp. nov. (pl. IX, fig. 5).
This form presents a strong likeness to albimaculata Butl., but has the characters of the egiaiea group, easily distinguished by the longer and broader band.
3 °. Upperside with fore wing markings as in egialea Crm. The white spots are smaller, the two placed beyond the cell being shorter and more quadrate. Hind wing with pale-brown band not extending beyond apex of cell, extending slightly into celulles 2,4, 5, 6, forming a costal spot above vein 7, not reaching base of wing, and extended to inner margin. This band is not well-defined distally, in which this agrees with other forms of this group. A submarginal series of three to five brown or whitish spots, which are placed nearer to the margin than in the echeria forms.
Underside similar to the upper. Fore wing with dark brown apical area. Hind wing dark brown.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns AT
Abdomen with grey ventral surface as in other egialea forms.
Described from five ¢ ¢ and 2 ? ?.—Rutschuri River, N. Kivu. October, T. A. Barns, one ¢ (type); Semliki, two ¢ ¢; Entebbe, one ?; Butindi, EH. Africa, August, one 3, one 2 (2? allotype) ; N. Slopes Kilimanjaro, June 14, 1905, one @.
ACRAEIDAE.
7. Planema macaria hemileuca Jordan. ¢?. (pl. X, figs. 12, 3, sy Ng
The @ is distinguished from macarista by the narrow black distal area on the hind wing below, the inner edge of the white band being placed more proximal as in macaria.
We may remark here that in all Planema we have examined, the claws of the ¢ are unequal, and of the 2 equal.
@. Similar to macarista and macaria. Fore wing with the band as broad as in macarista, both edges straight from costa to vein 4, but from here to the outer margin the outer edge is strongly dentate; a constriction at the submedian fold. Hind wing with band placed as in macarra.
Underside with the bands as above, but with the apical area of fore wing and distal area of hind wing brown as in macarista. The band of the hind wing is sharply defined along both edges.
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, north-eastern outskirts, three days south of Irumu. February, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ¢ ; N. bank, Ituri River, halfway between Avakubi and Penghe, May, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ? (neallotype).
8. Acraea eltringhanu sp. nov. (pl. X, fig. 11).
We take the liberty of naming this interesting species after Dr. H. Eltringham, who has so much advanced our knowledge of this group.
Allied to insignis Dist., but easily distinguished by the strongly dentate black marginal border of the hind wing. The claws are unequal as in insignis.
gd. Upperside of fore wing with the red basal area not reaching end of cell and only extending slightly into the base of cellule 2. Hind wing with black basal area as in insegnis, but with clean-cut edges, and no spots within. A black distal patch as in insignis, almost touching the basal area at vein 3. The black marginal border is strongly dentate. }
48 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Underside of fore wing as above. Hind wing with black area as above, thinly scaled with white proximally, pink distally. A dentate marginal border as above, and submarginal red border.
Abdomen black, with two thin ochreous subventral lines.
Length of fore wing: 24 mm.
Habitat.—Kisaba Forest, HE. Lake Kivu, Ruanda Diictintcth Septem- ber, 1919, T. A. Barns, 1 ¢.
9. Acraea bettiana sp. nov. (pl. IX, figs. 6,7 6,8 2.)
This species, quite distinct from any known, belongs to the goetzt group. We dedicate it to Mrs. T. A. Barns.
3. Upperside of fore wing with black-brown ground-colour. A creamy-white median area of triangular shape, extending from the inner margin to slightly beyond vein 3. The part of this patch lying in cellules Ib and 1c represents the widest part of the area. The patch does not reach the base, its proximal edge lies along the cell, and its distal edge is oblique to the outer margin and is nearly straight. The patch is traversed by the dark veins. A narrow subapical band of the same colour as the central area, lying between veins 4 and 10. A similarly coloured spot in the centre of the cell, more or less rounded but inclined to be pointed basad. A series of short brick-red marginal stripes in 2 to 7, which scarcely touch the margin; a rounded brick-red marginal spot on the fold 1b to lc.
Hind wing with black-brown ground-colour. The distal area traversed by a creamy-white band from vein 8 to the inner margin. The lower half of this band is of even width and but slightly indented to vein 3, but in cellules 3 to 5 it is produced distally, more so in 4 and 5, and ends narrowly in 6 and 7. This band reaches the cell end but does not fill in the bases of cellules 2 and 5. A marginal series of brick-red triangular spots which are slightly creamy-coloured at their edges ; these spots lie in cellules Ic, 2 to 7.
Underside of fore wing as above. The marginal stripes are greatly extended and they reach the pale area and the subapical band. There is some brick-red scaling at the base. Hind wing with a creamy-white band as above, but edged proximally by a thick black line, and also a creamy-white basal band edged distally by a thick black line. The basal band consists of an elongated patch on the inner margin, a narrow stripe in 1b, a spot in 1c, and a large patch in the cell and 7; it bears a rounded black spot in the cell, and there is also a black spot dividing the area in la. The basal part of area lc is black, and above this the
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 49
band is edged with black, leaving the base of costa and part of area 9 brick-red. ‘The two bands meet on the inner margin, and the space between them is brick-red traversed by the veins here thickly scaled with black. The submarginal area is brick-red, and traversed along the veins by somewhat ovate and pointed stripes which extend from the outer edge of the band to the margin; these stripes bear each two creamy lines within the margin. ‘The distal margin is edged with ochreous, forming spots between the stripes in le, 2 to 7.
Head, thorax and antennae black; palpi ochreous, collar with two reddish tufts. Abdomen black, ventral surface buff, two ventro-lateral buff stripes, and a row of lateral creamy spots. Legs with trochanter and base of femur black, remainder ochreous.
? similar to the male. Fore wing with reduced creamy-white markings, and wider band on the hind wing. ‘Taken separately the latter character is not distinctive. On the underside of the hind wing the space between the two bands is narrower than in the male and bears three smaller and more widely separated brick-red spots.
10. A. bettiana aberr. Kissejyensis ab. nov.
One male specimen departs from the type in possessing on the fore wing a black spot in the pale area, placed proximally just above the submedian. On the hind wing the discal band is extended to near the base, the extension being marked here and there with black scaling, and there remains also the black edge of the band at the cell end, and a blackish quadrate costal spot.
As this interesting aberration suggests a mimetic approach to the cabira type of Acraea we thought a name should be given it.
Length of fore wing: ¢ ? 21 mm.
Habitat.—Kisaba Forest, Lake Kivu, September (Type ¢ and four others); Lava Plains, Karissimbi, Kivu, October (Type 2?) Kisseji River, Lake Kivu, September (f. Hvssezensvs.)
Described from a series of six ¢ d one ?.
11. Acraea disjuncta forma alciopoides form. nov. (pl. IX, fig. 10).
This form of disjuncta Gr.—Sm. presents a startling likeness to alciope Hew., and occurs in the Ituri District. No typical specimens were taken here.
3d. Upperside of both wings pale ochreous. Fore wing with black-brown apical area and narrow distal margin, The distal edge
4
50° New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
of ochreous area is straight and oblique from close to costa to vein 5, it projects in cellule 4 and is thence slightly crenulate to the inner margin. The costa, from near base of vein 11, is black-brown to the base, also the discocellulars and a portion of upper part of cell to base, extending to the submedian. The proximal edge of the ochreous area is parallel to the distal edge between veins 12 and 4, from the origin of 4 it is outwardly curved in the cell and downwards to the inner margin between origin of 2 and the base. Hind wing with some black-brown dusting at the base, and a black-brown distal margin 3 mm. broad. ‘The veins and intraneural folds are more heavily scaled with black-brown on the distal margin, and these streaks extend shortly into the ochreous area.
Underside paler than the upper. Fore wing with veins and intra- neural streaks in the apical and distal marginal areas. Hind wing with eleven black basal spots, one in nine, one in upper part of cell, two in lower part, one at base of 1c, two beyond it in line, one in 1b, lying between the outer two above, a dot beyond it and below the one above, a spot in la below the second one in c, a dot beyond it below the middle one in b. Veins la—8 pale brown, and heavy intraneural stripes from near cell to the margin.
Length of fore wing 24 mm.
Described from two specimens from West Semliki River, near Lesse, January, 1920, one ¢. Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 19205 one <. | Both collected by @ A] Barns; Che followine specimens, captured by Dr. 8. A. Neave, are in the British Museum. Unyoro, Bugomia Forest, 2—4, xu. 3,700 feet, two 3 ¢; Toro, Daro or Durro Forest, 4,000—4,500 feet, October, 1911, four oo. All taken in cool and dense forest.
12. Acraea leucopyga latiapicalis subsp. nov. (pl. IX, fig. 9),
This represents most probably the Congo race of the species hitherto known from Rhodesia, Tanganyika Territory, and Uganda.
3. Differs from typical lewcopyga Auriv. in the -broader black and straight-edged apical area on the fore wing. There is no discal spot in cellule 5 of the hind wing.
The similar-looking intermedia Wichgr. is at once distinguished from it by the heavier spotting and the outer submedian spot on the fore wing lying below the one in cellule 2.
Habitat.—Kabala, Upper Congo. June, 1919, one ¢,
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 51
NYMPHALIDAH.
The genus Hrgolis Westw.
The species enotrea Cram., is associated with a form which closely resembles it but differs especially in the possession of patches of modified scales on the wings below in the 3.
The species actisanes Hew., which possesses in the ¢ a large area on the hind wing covered by modified scales, is associated with a form in which this area is absent.
We have examined the genitalia of the four forms and find two well marked types indicating a great distinction between enotrea and actisanes, but less distinction between either and the form resembling it in pattern.
One may perhaps consider the probability of the existence of a dimorphic form in connection with both these species, and that a certain dependence of this form on the seasons may have led to further divergence in structure.
At present we have no data to support this view, but we think that interesting results would be obtained from breeding experiments.
We think it is not impossible that species may evolve from closely allied forms in the same locality through the agency of seasonal and sexual dimorphism, and changes in the flight-time of the sexes.
Genitalia.—The Hrgolis examined are characterised by the posses- sion of two highly-chitinized symmetrical plates. These plates are disposed bilaterally on the ventral side of the genital apparatus, and we call them the ventral plates. They are connected with the valves by a membrane bearing setae on one side. We call this the con- necting setose membrane. Its position is the same in actisanes and albifascia, but differs in enotrea and personata.
The genitalia of enotrea and albifascia show more resemblance to one another than to either actisanes or personata, whilst these two latter are similar to one another.
Owing perhaps to a faulty dissection of the insects, a structure represented in the drawing of enotrea by a dotted line, and which probably is the chitinous cone at the base of the valves (ring-wall, penis funnel, and juxta of authors), has been missed in the other forms examined. Further investigation will be made in reference to this structure,
52 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
13. Ergolis enotrea suffusa subsp. nov.
Specimens of enotrvea Cram., from the H. Congo and Uganda, may be separated from west-coast forms by the more greyish colour of the fore wing, and much reduced white scaling on both wings.
Entebbe, Uganda, August, 1901, A. H. Neumann, two Ss ¢ one 2; Entebbe, one ¢; Uganda, B. 8. Gledhill, one 2; Mabera Forest, Uganda, Jackson, one ? ; Toro, Uganda, January, one 2; Albertville, Congo Belge, June, 1919, one 2, one 3, T. A. Barns (types); Sabaka River, July, one 3 ; in B. M. from Uganda and Angola.
The Sabaka specimen has much the coloration of a female on both wings.
Genitalia.— (Plate V, figs. 1, 2).
Valves with the posterior and greater part very slightly chitinized. Connecting setose membrane developed anteriorly from the ventral edge, the surface bearing the setae being on the outside.
Ventral plate seen laterally is triangular.
Scaphium broader than in albifascia.
Uncus finger-shaped and nearly straight.
14. Hrgolis albifascia sp. nov. (pl. X, figs. 14, 15.)
This species is mixed up in collections with enotrea Cram., but may be distinguished by the distinct white postdiscal band on the fore wing, and by the enlarged patches of modified scales at the ends of the veins on both wings below.
3. Upperside coloration and markings similar to enotrea. Fore- wing with a well-marked grey-white postdiscal band, curved outwards at vein 2 and narrowing anteriorly to vein 7; discal band defined by black edgings, and slightly brownish, outer edge not broken at vein 4, and above this more curved and less oblique than in enotrea. Hind wing with the grey-white area limited by vein 6, outer edge sharply defined. No distinct costal spots in 6 and 7. The second pale post- discal line in the distal area is much farther from the first than in enotrea, and forms the base of a row of dark brown spots whose rounded inner edges are formed by the first line.
Underside markings as in enotrea. The veins are much more heavily striped with blackish-brown modified scales, and these form somewhat ovate patches at the ends of the veins, larger on the hind wing where they almost touch one another. Hind wing with the discal band more constricted in cellule 4 than in enotrea, and the
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 53
spots of the postdiscal band more separate. The submarginal spots are reduced to narrow triangles, their bases not touching.
@. Very similar to enotrea, but distinguished by the white post- discal band, and well defined discal band on the fore wing; hind wing with broader dark postdiscal band, and white area limited by vein 6.
In the Joicey collection from Addah, W. Africa, ¢ 2; Accra, one & ; Coomassie, August to September, 1918, one % one ?; Sunyani Forest, Coomassie, two 3 3¢ ; Cameroons, one ¢; N. Bank, Ituri River, halfway between Avakubi and Penghe, May, 1920, one ¢, i. A. Barns; Ituri Forest, N. W. Beni, January, 1920, one 3, T. A. Barns; Hast Epulu Forest, N. Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one 3, T. A. Barns; Cartouche, near Lesse, W. Semliki River, January, 1920, one 3, T. A. Barns; North Side Ituri River, three days west Oe lirumun es March 1920," one = 2) Ty A. Barns) Semliki Walley, Ruwenzori, December, 1919, 1 3g (type); North Lindi Valley, west of Bafwasende, April, 1920, one @ (allotype); T. A. Barns; Senchi, Volta River, one ¢ ; in the B. M. also from Uganda.
Genitalia (pl. V, fig. 3).
Valve similar to enotrea but bulbous at the posterior extremity. Connecting setose membrane developed apparently from the median inner surface, the surface bearing the sete being on the inside.
Ventral plate, and uncus as in enotrea.
Scaphium developed medianly into a long and sharp _ pointed process.
15. Hrgolis personata sp. noy. (pl. X, fig. 16).
It would appear that this peculiar form has been hitherto mistaken for the 2 of actisanes Hew. Recognizable by its brown colour, and the absence of the broad costal patch of modified scales found in the allied species.
3 ¢. Upperside pale ochreous-brown, markings less strongly defined than in actisanes. Outer edge of discal band on fore wing with well-marked teeth on veins 4 and 5. Hind wing with the bands continued to the costa,
Underside paler than in actisanes. Fore wing without patch of modified scales and with discal band reaching the submedian. Hind wing with discal band posteriorly closer to the postdiscal band than in actisanes.
The females are not easy to distinguish. ‘To actisanes we assign those with more clearly defined discal bands marked with reddish-
HXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Gemtalia of Ergolis.
Fig. 1. Hrgolis enotrea, ventral view. 2. F is lateral view. 3 ,, albfascia, ventral view. A, » actisanes, ventral view. 5 » personata, ventral view. VP. = Ventral plate. SM. = Connecting setose membrane. U. = Uncus. V. = Valve. S. = Scaphium. SC. = Saccus.
All structures magnified 30 times, and reduced ,°,ths.
Bulli Wisse WolyolieehO2ie
Z MS SS Dy, >
re A Dy, =z 2
IIA fat Z FA
ai A
Alii MG F Sy Soa (\ NC \
Z g) 7 /
GENITALIA OF AFRICAN ERGOLIS.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 55
brown, discal band on hind wing more even anteriorly, and no spot in 7 of the post-discal band. Females with paler markings, more irregular discal bands, and hind wing with costal spot of the post-discal band present, belong to personata. The females of both forms are ~marked with a white costal spot on fore wings.
Habitat—Upper Kassai District, P. Landbeck, three ¢ 3, one 2 (types) ; Ituri River, two days west of Irumu, March, one ?, T. A. Barns.
EH. actisanes Hew., in the Joicey collection from Nigeria, May 21, 1911, one 3 ; Calabar, two 3 3 ; Cameroons, three 3 3; Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, dry season, one 3, October, one ¢, wet season, nena =) Gaboon, one 2 = no loc, 2.2 2.
Genttalia. EL. actisanes Hew. (pl. V, fig. 4).
Valve elongated for a quarter of its length and produced to a highly- chitinized and pointed hook. About one third of the organ is strongly chitinized, the remainder much less so. Connecting setose membrane developed from the inner median surface of the valve and apparently connected with the non-setose or ventral surface of the ventral plate.
Ventral plate somewhat oblong and large in proportion to the valves.
Uncus strongly flexed ventrally.
Scaphium notched medianly.
E. personata (pl. V, fig. 5).
Valve similar to actisanes. Connecting setose membrane developed as in enotrea, proceeding from the ventral edge and joined to the basal edge of the ventral plate.
Ventral plate similar to actisanes.
Uncus similar to actisanes but more hook-like.
Scaphium more strongly notched than in actisanes.
16. Byblia acheloia crameri Auriv. f. nigrifusa forma nov.
This aberration has the yellow markings on the upperside much reduced and suffused with black.
One 2 specimen was taken by Mr. Barns in an open part of the forest on the Lindi River, near Bafwasende, April, 1920.
56 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
17. Precis archesia f. obsoleta forma nov.
This form is of frequent occurrence, but does not seem to have received a name, It is distinguished by the absence of red-brown markings above. The place of the band on the fore wing is taken by black scaling, and on the hind wing the spots are edged outwardly with some faint red-brown scaling. ‘The undersurface is similar to the wet- season form staudingert Dew.
Habitat.—With the typical form. In the Joicey collection from Kassula, Malalo River, Rutschugi Valley, Udjiji District, July, 1919, one ¢ (type); Kasama River, May, 1917, one ¢, T. A. Barns; Bihe District, Angola, two ¢ ¢ ; N.W. Rhodesia, May 17, 1904, H. Cookson, one ¢.
18. Hypolimnas salmacis ? f. ochreata form nov.
We propose the name ochreata for the females of this species having pale ochreous coloration instead of white.
H. monteironis Druce.
H. montevronis Druce, Cist. Ent. i, p. 286 (Old Calabar and Angola) (1874).
The genital armature of this form agrees with that of salmacis.
19. Aterica galene f. albimacula forma nov.
This form is distinguished by the spots on the fore wing being white, and the patch of the hind wing also white or partly so.
f. extensa Heron.
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xix, p. 153 (Ruwenzori) (1909).
This was described as being a local race, but treated by Aurivillius as an individual aberration (Seitz Macrolep. xill, p. 191). We agree. This form is in the Joicey collection from the Ruanda and Udjiji Dis- tricts, Albertville, Nyasaland and Portuguese Congo. It is transitional to theophane Hopft.
20. Cymothoe theobene 2 f. wmbrina form. nov.
Distinguished by the white areas being dusted over with black- brown. The veins are sometimes scaled with yellow-brown, and one specimen shows a discal patch of yellow-brown on the hind wing.
In the Joicey collection froin Sunyani Forest, Coomassie, Ashanti, two 2 2 (type); Friapere Forest, Coomassie, one 2? ; Cameroons,
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 57
two 2 2; Upper Kasai District, two 2 2 ; Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 1920, one ¢ (hind wing with yellow-brown) ; Ituri River, four days W. of Irumu, March, 1920, one ?, T. A. Barns.
21. Cymothée eris Auriv. ¢ (pl. XI, fig. 18).
The female described by Aurivillius (Seitz, Macrolep. xii, p. 151) does not appear to belong to this species. We have three females which agree with the ¢ g in the characteristic underside markings and in the peculiar falcate shape of the fore wing.
Upperside grey-brown. Fore wing with oblique discal line reaching to vein 5 and bounding 5 or 6 white or grey-white spots, the one in 2 being well-marked, the two nearest costa dusted with grey. A postdiscal band of grey-brown crescents somewhat pointed proximally and edged with grey-white on each side and distally more extended in la, lb, and 2. A submarginal grey-brown zigzag line, marked between the veins with black dashes.
Hind wing with discal white or grey-white band about 5 mm. broad, not entering the cell, reaching to the middle of le and to the costa, dusted with grey in 6 and 7, and strongly dentate on its outer edge. JDiscal line faintly visible. A submarginal zigzag black- brown line marked with black dashes between the veins, and edged proximally with grey-white, leaving a postdiscal strongly dentate line marking the distal edge of the white band.
Underside with pale ochreous basal area and grey-white distal area. The discal line on the hind wing passes close to the origin of veins 3 and 4.
Length of fore wing: 30-34 mm.
This form bears very little resemblance to the ? of capella Ward, is smaller, and has a markedly falcate fore wing. The more distal position of the discal line on both wings is to be noted. The resemblance to the caenis form euthalioides Kirby is more marked, but the reduced white on the fore wing and the position of the discal line always distinguishes it from this.
@ Neallotype from Bafwaboli, Tshopo River, April, 1920, T. A. Barns. Also one ? from Kasai River, and one from Upper Kasai District.
Cymothie hermuna Gr.—Sm. f°. C. herminia Grose-Smith, Ann. N.H. (5) 19, p. 63 (1889) (Cameroons) 3.
58 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. TI’. A. Barns
CO. herminia Holland, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. xhiii, p. 196, pl. vin, fig. 4 (1920) 3g. :
C. johnstont Butl. P.Z.S. 1, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 4, & (1902) (Doro).
C. weymert Suffert, Iris, 17, p. 119 (1904) (Cameroons) 3.
After a careful study of sixty specimens in the Joicey collection we are forced to conclude that these three forms belong to one variable species, which we are at present unable to separate even into local races.
A series of these three forms shows much variation, and the same — applies to the females. A female in the Joicey collection from the Grose-Smith coll. is labelled ‘“‘ Type” and is from the same locality as the g type. No description of this specimen was ever published. Dr. Holland, loc. cit., has recently described the ¢.
Variation in ¢ :—
The black distal area of the fore wing varies in width and may not reach beyond cellule 5. The brown distal band varies in width and the spots in 3 and 4 are sometimes reduced; it also varies in colour from yellow-brown in typical herminia to creamy-white in typical weymert. Similar variation occurs in the pattern of the hind wing.
The underside may be pale ochreous with lighter discal band and basal spots, dark brown with pale distal margin and whitish basal spots, white basal area and white submarginal markings, or entirely dark ochreous-brown, intermediates occurring between these. Most specimens from Uganda have the basal markings but little lighter than the ground-colour (f. ohnstonz).
Variation im 2 :—
The white discal band may be almost a line as in the form described, or it may be 3 mm. broad in cellule 2 of the fore wing with larger spots anteriorly, and correspondingly broad on the hind wing. The length of the fore wing may vary from 36 mm. to 42 mm. The distal yellow band varies in width and the black spots in size; the colour varies from yellow-brown to nearly white, and in one specimen the black spots on both wings are edged with white proximally and without any yellow colour at all.
The underside varies from ochreous to grey-brown and grey-white.
The female without yellow markings and with pale underside belongs to the f. johnstont and needs description. The specimen figured by Butl. loc. cit. fig. 5, 1s a form of lurida °.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 59
22. 2 f£. gohnston: Butl. (pl. X, fig. 17).
Upperside black-brown with white discal band, about 3 mm. broad, on both wings. Black sagittate submarginal spots edged proximally with white on the fore wing, and their points tipped with white on the hind wing.
Underside with basal area grey-brown, distal area grey-white with pale-brown markings.
Type in Joicey coll. from Toro, Uganda, February, 1902.
The following specimens are in the Joicey collection :—
f. herminia.—Mongo ma-Lobah (Cameroons), 3 (type, Grose- Smith),one 3,two 2 ? (Grose-Smith collection) ; Cameroons one ¢ ; Aruwimi, one S one 2? ; Semliki, six ¢ ¢ ; Toro one 3; Tshopo Valley, near Batama, Congo Belge, April, 1920, one ¢, T. A. Barns; Bafwaboli, Tshopo River, April, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ? ; between Lindi and Lubila Rivers, N. Batama, April, 1920, T. A. Barns, one 2 ; Ituri River, four days’ west of Irumu, March, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ? ; between Penghe and Avakubi, N. bank Ituri River, March, 1920, T. A. Barns, one 2 ; Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 1920, ieAceiparns one |? .
Intermediate form: both wings without a dark margin and with broader yellow distal area. Cameroons, one ¢; French Congo, three 3 3; coll. Powell-Cotton (Congo), three ¢ ¢ ; Mhonda, one @ ; Ihima River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, two 3 3d, T. A. Barns; E. Hpulu River, N. Ituri Valley, between Penghe and Irumu, March, 1920, one gs, T. A. Barns; Ituri Forest, two days’ north-west of Beni, January, 1920, T. A. Barns, one 3 ; Penghe, January, 1920, T. A. Barns, one 3 ; Penghe, N. bank Ituri River, March, 1920, T. A. IS ENE, WO) 6 e<
Noted by Barns as feeding on rotting fruit in thick forest.
f. weymert.cCameroons, one ¢ (type) (ex. coll. Suffert) ; Sunyani Forest, Coomassie, Ashanti, 1912, one ¢ ; coll. Powell-Cotton (Congo) three 3g 3; Lesse, Jiuri Forest, February, 1920, T. A. Barns, two 3 3d ; Cartouche, near Lesse, January, 1920, three 3 ¢, T. A. Barns; forest between Epulu and Ituri Rivers, T. A. Barns, one ¢ ; Penghe, N. bank Ituri River, March, 1920, T. A. Barns, one & ; N. side Maiko (or Oiko) Valley, near Stanleyville, May, 1920, T. A. Barns, one 3 ; Rutshuri River, N. Kivu, November, 1919, T. A. Barns, two 3 3d.
f. johnstont.—The distal edge of the hind wing band is more dentate.
60 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
There is a specimen from the Semliki and one from the Cameroons with this character perhaps not so marked.
Uganda, two 32; Toro, one g; Toro, February 1902, 3 2 (? neallotype); Rutshuri River, N. Kivu, November, 1919, three 3 3 three ¢ ?, T. A. Barns; Mabera Forest, Uganda, 4,000 feet, August, 1919, R. A. Dummer, one ¢. The Kivu 2 2 and the Mabera Forest one show a broader white band, and one Kivu specimen has a brownish tinge over the distal dentate band.
Cymothoe reginae-elizabethae Hall (pl. XI, fig. 19).
We take the opportunity of giving a figure of the underside of this species. Several specimens were taken by Mr. Barns in the Ituri Forest.
23. Huptera semirufa sp. nov. (pl. XI, fig. 27).
As we cannot associate this female with the male of any described form we venture to give it specific rank. It appears to belong to the elabontas group.
2. Upperside with black-brown ground-colour. Fore wing with reddish-yellow cell-marks outlining a basal oval spot and a central rounded spot. Outside cell a rounded black discocellular spot partly outlined with reddish-yellow. A subbasal reddish-yellow stripe formed of a streak from inner margin to submedian fold, a spot in lc and a smaller spot in the base of 2. A reddish-yellow submedian patch between inner margin and vein 2, tinged with white anteriorly. An elongate white spot in 2, a smaller one above it in 3, two white streaks in 4 and 5, a small white spot in 6, a thin white streak in 8 near costa, and a white spot below it in 6. A distal series of seven black narrow ovate spots outlined with white. A submarginal white crenulate line, interrupted at the veins.
Hind wing with a reddish-yellow narrow subbasal band, crossing middle of cell from inner margin to vein 6. A broad reddish-yellow band from inner margin to vein 7, extending into end of cell and leaving a narrow outer marginal area of ground-colour. This band narrows anteriorly, and bears near its outer edge a series of rounded black spots of even size ; the outer edge of band is strongly crenulate and heavily lined with black, a white spot is placed at the proximal edge of the band in 6.
Underside markings as above and more distinct, the ground-colour and reddish-yellow areas paler. Fore wing with three black cellspots and one below it in 1c; a black discocellular spot invaded by ground-
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 61
colour. The white spots and stripes joined to the distal ovate spots. Hind wing with a central costal white spot in 7. Subbasal band and proximal area of distal band tinged with white.
Head, thorax and abdomen, black; antenne black; palpi grey, paler below, legs black and grey; abdomen rubbed, but apparently grey below with lateral rufous spots. The small tufts on thorax and abdomen as in females of other species, are white as in elabontas.
Length of fore wing: 26 mm.
Habitat——North Ituri Valley, between Epulu and Duye Rivers, March, 1920, T. A. Barns, one specimen.
The collector notes that the specimen was taken in a sunny glade in the forest, was a fast flier, and very hard to net. The specimen is worn and the wings damaged.
24. Huptera pluto kinugnana ? , form. rufa, forma. nov.
We have given one name to the brown 2 forms of this species and of hirundo, as we see no reason to multiply names where merely a colour form is concerned.
Upperside with markings as in white 2 and underside more or less unicolorous ochreous with the markings showing through from above.
The females of kinwgnana show variation in the size of the bands and spots. This is less evident in the males and does not appear to be racial.
Nyasaland, one ¢ ; ‘‘ Melanje” (Milanje, Nyasaland), one 2.
25. Huptera hirundo lufirensis subsp. nov. (pl. XI, fig. 25 3, 26 2).
3. Upperside with the creamy bands more extended. Fore wing patch in 1b to le quadrate, spot in 2 touching or nearly touching the patch below, streaks in 4 and 5 thicker, spot in 6 larger. Hind wing with a broader and more compact band, its distal edge even, patches in 5 and 6 much larger, vein 5 very thickly blackened in the band. Distal marginal area without pale dots in 4 to 6 and darker than in typical form. ‘Tail more obtuse.
Underside much as in typical form but more rufous-brown, and but slightly marked with white. The inner edge of band on hind wing straighter.
2 f. rufa. Upperside with black-brown ground-colour and broad rufous-brown bands. Fore wing with the band more indented on its distal edge, the spots lying within it smaller. Distal margin broader,
62 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Hind wing with outer edge of band strongly dentate and with a series of seven rounded black spots of even size placed within the teeth of the band, the space between each spot and the outer edge being dusted with black.
Underside with markings and coloration of typical form but showing the differences remarked on the upperside.
Described from two ¢ ¢ one 2. Kikura River, Lufira Valley, May, 1919 (types) ; Panda River, Lufira Valley, May, 1919, one ¢.
26. Huptera hirundo Stgr. 2? form. rufa, forma. nov.
? type. Schultze, Archiv. f. Naturges. 81 Jahr., Ab. A, p. 139 (1915) (S. E. Cameroons).
The first 2 to be described of this species is described by Schultze, lc, as being white. We now describe a brown form. ‘The species of this group are rare and the @ ¢ exceedingly so. It would not be surprising if all the species had dimorphic 2 2. JH. pluto Ward is known to possess two forms of female, and both are represented in the Joicey collection from Nyasaland.
2. Upperside with black-brown ground-colour and broad rufous- brown bands, which vary in depth of colour. Fore wing with band broad on the inner margin and narrowing beyond vein 3 and ending on ven 7. ‘The proximal edge of band slightly indented between veins 7 and 4, and removed from the cell in this area; the bases of cellules 2 and 3 not filled in by the band. Distal edge of band crenulate and running parallel to the margin, and heavily marked with darker ground-colour. A series of 5 small dark-brown spots hes within the band near the distal edge; the posterior spot is large and heavy and tends to become fused with the submarginal area; spots 3 and 4 are the smaller, and spot 5 lies partly in the dark apical area; there is a spot in 6 just outside the band.
Hind wing with band extending from costa to inner margin and narrower at costa; its proximal edge nearly straight and_ slightly curved anteriorly, its distal edge evenly curved and marked by a series of large rounded spots of ground-colour; these spots are outwardly faintly outlined by rufous and are separated only by the veins; they decrease in size anteriorly. The outer edge of these spots is heavily marked by darker ground-colour. The submarginal area is broader than on the fore wing.
Underside paler than above, with bands and spots reproduced in
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 63
fainter outline. Abdomen black above with dorso-lateral rufous stripes, ventral surface pale brown.
Length of fore wing, 23 mm.
Described from three specimens.—Entebbe, Uganda, August, 1901, A. H. Neuman (type); Entebbe, September, 1900, one specimen ; Hntebbe, January, 1902, one specimen.
27. Huryphura porphyrion congoensis subsp. nov. (pl. XI, figs, 21, 22, 3 23, 24 ¢).
Distinguished from the typical western form by the more falcate wings, especially in the ¢, and the reduced black markings. Fore wing with the red-brown inner marginal patch reduced proximally. The hind wing with the distal edge of red-brown area sharply toothed between veins 2 and 5.
Underside of fore wing with paler and more extended apical dusting. Hind wing with no black spot at the base of cellule 6.
Length of fore wing, ¢ 32 mm., ? 43 mm.
Habitat.—Upper Kasai District, one ¢ ; Ituri Forest, N. W. Beni, 900 m., January, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ¢.
28. Huryphura plautilla 2 form. albimargo form. nov. (pl. XI, fig. 20).
This represents the extreme development of the form albofasciata Stgr., and is characterized by the whole distal area of the wings being dirty white.
Fore wing upperside with distal half dirty-white, leaving a narrow outer marginal border; space between postcellular mark and disco- cellular dusted with brown, also base of cellule 3; markings in distal half reduced, especially the submarginal spots. Hind wing with distal half dirty-white, with slight brown dusting along the outer margin. Markings reduced, especially the submarginal and the discal zigzag line.
Underside much paler than in allied form, and markings indistinct.
Habitat.—Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one °.
A specimen in the Joicey collection from the Cameroons is transi- tional to the above form. It exhibits an increase of white on the fore wing, but is darker on the hind wing.
64 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
29. Diestogyna umbrina Auriv. 2 (pl. XII, fig. 28).
We assign this specimen to wmbrina on account of the basal area of the fore wing below projecting in a tooth on vein 2. The wings are broader than in the allied form.
?. Upperside very similar to simplex Stgr., and feronia Stgr. Band of fore wing tinged with yellow, the spot in 3 placed more distal, the one in 2 narrow. The pale discal line placed more distal between 2 and 3 than in allied forms. A dentate postdiscal line, ochreous edged with blackish-brown, between inner margin and vein 2. Hind wing darker than in the allied forms, postdiscal dark spots larger and submarginal line continuous; this distal band more curved, the space between it and the discal line narrower anteriorly than posteriorly.
Underside more like feronia than simplex but paler than either with increased suffusion of grey. Fore wing with basal area projecting in a tooth on vein 2. Hind wing with discal line enclosing basal area more irregular than in the allied forms. Distal markings distinct, except series of white dots, submarginal line more undulate. A blackish discal patch as in the allied forms.
Length of fore wing, 35 mm.
Habitat.—N. eastern outskirts of Ituri Forest, three days South of Irumu, 1000 m., February, 1920, one ¢, T. A. Barns.
Found in dense forest, feeding on rotting fruit.
30. Huryphene laetitioides sp. nov. (pl. XII, fig. 29 3, 30 2).
Allied to laetitia Ploetz, and not easy to distinguish from it. The underside, however, is greenish and without any of the brown tint of laetitia.
3. Upperside coloration and markings similar to laetitia, and fore wing with no constant difference. Hind wing with black discal band not reaching vein 3, generally stopping at vein 2, and indistinctly defined beyond this in Cameroons specimens. Postdiscal band thinner than in the allied species, and spots in 2 and 38 indistinct; second post- discal band similar, the spots in 2 and 3 mostly indistinct.
Underside markings similar to laetitia. Basal area more sharply defined, greyish-green; distal area dull-green, all markings distinct. Fore wing with basal area paler and more greyish than in hind wing, without white markings; distal area more greenish and discal brown curved line strongly marked. Hind wing with violaceous
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 65
suffusion on the basal and inner area and at the apex, submarginal line well marked.
2. Upperside similar to the 2 of congolensis Capr., but smaller, more brownish, and black spots indistinct. Ground-colour brownish- grey with a greenish tinge. Fore wing with black apex and white subapical band (in one specimen with a yellow tinge) reaching vein 4 ; between this and the cell black, filling cellule 3 and extending into the distal end of cellule 2. A series of submarginal spots edged with grey-brown. Distal margin black, traversed by an indistinct grey- brown admarginal line.
Hind wing marking as in congolensis but discal spots small and indistinct. Underside markings very similar to the 3, the coloration more uniform than in congolensis, and distinguished from it by the narrow pale mark in 7 of the hind wing. Ground-colour brownish- grey with markings accentuated by grey-white scaling.
Length of fore wing, ¢ 26 mm., 2? 30 mm.
Habitat.—Lesse, Ituri Forest, February, 1920, one ¢ ; Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, two ¢ 3, two 2? 2? (types); Semliki Forest, E. Semliki Valley, Ruwenzori, December, 1919, one 3 EK. Epulu River, N. Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one & ; Ituri Valley, N.W. Beni, January, one 3 ; between Epulu and Duye Rivers, N. Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one 3 ; Lower Butahu River, Semliki Valley, December, 1919, one 3, two ? 2; E. side Semliki River, Ruwenzori, November, 1919, one ? ; between HEpulu (EK. side) and Ituri Rivers, March, 1920, one ¢? ; Ibima River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one ¢ ; Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, early May and June, three 3 3; June, one 3S ; dry season, no date, two 2 °.
31. Huryphene brunnescens sp. nov. (pl. XII, fig. 31 ¢, 32 @).
Similar to laetitia Ploetz, and the form previously described as laetitioides, but smaller, brighter in colour, and markings above more as in the latter species, of which it may be only a form.
3. Upperside with tawny-brown ground-colour, spots smaller than in the allied forms. Fore wing markings distinguished by the black postdiscal band forming a sharp tooth at vein 5; in the typical form this band is reduced anteriorly to a thick dentate line to vein 4. Hind wing markings as in laetitioides but less developed in the type.
Underside purplish-brown with a faint greenish tinge. Fore wing darker in the anterior distal half, hind wing paler at the apex. Mark-
5
66 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
ings as in Jaetitioides and in one specimen rather indistinct, the wings in this case being washed with bluish-grey.
@. The form here described is placed with the ¢ on account of the sharply dentate anterior part of the discal band on the fore wing, and the similarity of pattern on the underside.
Upperside grey-brown, somewhat ochreous in basal area. Fore wing with discal line dentate to vein 3 and edged with white distally from costa to vein 38, this white extending in one specimen to the sub- marginal line. Hind wing with discal and postdiscal spots slightly white-edged in cellules 4—7.
Underside grey-white with reddish-brown markings.
Length of fore wing: ¢ 25mm., § 32 mm.
Habitat—Between Epulu and Duye Rivers, N. Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one & (type); Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one 3 ; Penghe, N. bank Ituri River, March, 1920, one ¢ ; Butahu River, under Ruwenzori, 8. Semhki Valley, December, 1919, one 3o, T. A. Barns; between Epuly (E. side) and Ituri Rivers, March, 1920, one ¢ (allotype) ; between Penghe and Irumu, March, 1920, one ?, T. A. Barns. Semliki Valley, one ¢. In B.M. from “Congo Forest, 6, 11, 1907, A. F. R. Wollaston,” one 3.
32. Huphaedra ceres f. phosphor form. nov. (pl. XII, fig. 33).
Distinguished by its whitish-green coloration above.
3é. Upperside with the markings pale-green washed with yellow, darker at the base.
Underside pale green, washed with paler yellow on the hind wing, subapical band white and well defined. Hind wing with indistinct white discal band on the distal half, whitish submarginal area darker than the rest of the wing.
Habitat.—Albertville, June, 1919, three 3 3.
33. Huphaedra preussi f. obsoleta form. nov.
This curious form indicates a relationship with inanum Butl., but the appearance of the upperside shows a stronger affinity to preussi. Distinguished by the deep blue colour, extending nearly to vein 2 on the fore wing, and by the green underside without a distinct white costal stripe.
°. Upperside dark blue as in preussz, on the fore wing reaching nearly to vein 38. Subapical band white and sharply defined. Hind wing without distinct submarginal spots,
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 67
Underside bluish-green with brownish reflections in a side light. Fore wing with three black cellspots and the subapical band well defined. Hind wing with a short white stripe in 7, merging into the ground-colour; three indistinct white discal spots; series of submarginal indistinct spots a little darker than the ground-colour.
Habitat.—Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920,1 ?.
A specimen of preussi @ approaches the above form in the development of a greenish tint on the underside.
34. Huphaedra lupercoides Roths. & .
Upperside similar to the ¢. Fore wing band narrower than in luperca Hew., and white apical spot a little smaller. Underside similar to the ¢. Inner margin of fore wing, and parts of the distal areas of both wings, cinnamon-brown. Habitat—Between Lindi and Lubila Rivers, north of Batama, Jegoyeulls DUS PAOS ae ty
35. Huphaedra eleus 2 f. coerulea form. nov.
This striking form is very similar to preuwssi Stgr., but distinguished by the cell of the fore wing being entirely blue, the hind wing with a row of distinct submarginal spots and some brown distal scaling. It represents a further development of the form semiprussiana Wichg,
2. Upperside with black ground-colour. Fore wing with blue basal half, filling the cell and basal part of cellule 3. Cell with two black spots. Subapical band white and clearly defined, composed of four spots. Hind wing blue, paler distally, with some brown scaling in the distal part of cellules 4—7. A black submarginal border of nearly even width, bearing a series of violet-blue submarginal spots.
Underside dark ochreous-brown, paler at the margins. Fore wing with three black cellspots and a black discocellular spot. Hind wing with a black cellspot, two whitish streaks in 3 and 4, and small pale- brown submarginal spots.
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, thirty miles south of Irumu, February, 1920, one ¢, T. A. Barns.
36. Huphaedra eleus nigrobasalis, subsp. nov. (pl. XII, fig. 34 ¢; OUD, BS) @ ))e
Distinguished from elews orientalis Roths. by the costa and upper part of cell being black to the base, leaving only a narrow stripe of red-
68 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
brown along lower margin of cell, by the red-brown area only reaching origin of vein 3, by the narrow white subcostal stripe on hind wing below, and the absence of the submarginal row of spots. The distal margin of hind wing above is of more even width and not wider on the anal area; and the spots in it are blue without white tinge.
Habitat.—Panda River, Lufira Valley, S.E. Congo, May 12, 1919, one ¢ two? ¢, T. A. Barns.
37. Charaxes vmperialis albipuncta subsp. nov.
Distinguished chiefly by the larger band on the hind wing of the $, and the white-spotted ¢.
3. Upperside of fore wing not constantly different from typical form. Hind wing with a broader band in most specimens. The inner spot in cellule 7 is blue or only slightly white.
Underside of fore wing with the yellow proximal border to the black submedian spot edged with blue, and this again with black proximally. Hind wing with the postdiscal bar in cellule 7 either without white distal scaling or with only a trace of it.
?. Upperside of fore wing with the spots white and smaller than in typical form. The black inner marginal band is reduced anteriorly and does not reach vein 2. Hind wing with the band not reaching vein 7. The outer spot in cellule 7 smaller and without any brown tinge. Submarginal and admarginal spots white.
Underside as in the ¢. Fore wing with spots as above. No spot bordering the submedian bar. Hind wing with postdiscal spots further from the discal bars than in typical form.
In the Joicey collection from: Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 ft., dry season, 1, early May and June, wet season, 1? (allotype) ; Bitje, Cameroons, 1 ¢ ; Bipindi, Cameroons, 1 ¢ ; Cameroons, 2? ? ; Upper Kasai District, Congo Belge, 3 go; N. bank, Ituri River,
halfway between Avakubi and Penghe, March, 1920, T. A. Barns, 12. °
The specimen obtained by Mr. Barns was taken on dung.
The 3 holotype is from Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, September 7, 1919, G. L. Bates, and is in the collection of Madame de Horrack Fournier, 90, Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris. There is alsol 3 from the Kast Congo in this collection.
38. Charaxes zelica depuncta subsp. nov.
Distinguished from the typical form by the absence of the blue marginal dots on the hind wing. The inner edge of the distal area of
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 69
the underside is less curved on the fore wing and almost straight on the hind wing. In cellules 1b and c of the fore wing is a pale ochreous patch distal to the postdiscal line, and generally a similar patch proximal to the discal line. The submarginal line on the fore wing ends at the apex ; in the typical form it ends at vein 8.
Habitat——Uganda, Mabira Forest, January 29, 1912, 13 (type) ; W. Uganda, Budonga Forest, April 6 to May 16, 1912, 2¢ 3, Captain J. Fraser; Mabira Forest, 4,000 feet, R. A. Dummer,1 ¢; Kasai District, Congo, 13 ; Singa, French Congo, 13% ; Cameroons, 1 3 ; Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 feet, dry season, 1 3.
Also typical form in Joicey collection, Coomassie, Sierra Leone, 1 3.
Charaxes eupale Drury, dilutus Roths. and swbornatus Schultze.
The forms of Charaxes comprised under the above names present an interesting group. All are similarly coloured and exhibit similar and variable markings. Our knowledge of the distribution of these forms is now well advanced, and series of all are contained in the Hill Museum. We have therefore attempted to analyse the group with a view to ascertaining how many definite forms exist, and whether such forms could be grouped together under one or more distinct species.
Sixteen dissections of the genitalia were made and drawings prepared by Mr. Birbel. When these were compared with the insects the results were found to be unsatisfactory. It was at once apparent that much variation existed in the genital armature, and these variations were not in agreement with the differences observed in the wing-markings.
The dissections, drawings, and insects were submitted to Dr. Jordan for an opinion. He very carefully examined them, together with further specimens in the Tring Museum, and reported that no reliable distinction could be obtained from the genitalia. He thought that probably three species could be made out on other grounds. These results confirmed our own, with a slight difference in the grouping of the three species.
We believe that the three species may be grouped as follows :— eupale eupale.—Sierra Leone to the Niger.
eppale ' (eupale subsp.—Cameroons to Uganda.
dilutus ... dlutus dilutus—Angola to Nyasaland, northward to Ruwenzori, Nairobi District and Zanzibar.
a areer { subornatus subornatus.—Cameroons to Congo.
| swhornatus subsp.—Ituri Forest to Uganda and Nairobi.
70 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
It will be seen that the ewpale subsp. and dilutus overlap in distribu- tion but we have no evidence of both occurring in the same place.
C. eupale subsp. is found together with swhornatus in the Cameroons, and if our diagnosis is correct it also occurs with a race of swhornatus in Uganda and the Ituri.
C. dilutus is not known farther west than Angola, but occurs together with a swbornatus form at Nairobi.
The three species may generally be easily distinguished, but the subornatus race may be confounded with dilutus. It will therefore be useful to give here the results of certain measurements which indicate not only the three species but also the races and to which species they belong.
On the underside of the hind wing there is a row of antemarginal spots and a row of what may be termed submarginal spots. The arrangement of these series of spots is not the same in each species, and a comparison of typical swbhornatus with eupale subsp. will show that the antemarginal spots are nearer the margin in swbornatus than they are in ewpale, and that the spots of the submarginal series occupy different positions in the two species, especially the spot in cellule 3. The submarginal spot in cellule 6 is more or less removed from the band, owing to the straighter or more oblique position of the band. Measurements were made (1) of the distance between the antemarginal dot in cellule 3, measured from the centre of the black dot, and the outer edge of the submarginal dot in 3; (2) of the distance between the submarginal dot in cellule 6 and the inner edge of the band.
These measurements were made on specimens which showed the markings plainly. It sometimes happens that specimens occur with the spots absent. The following specimens were taken :—
C. eupale eupale fe; ue Sead) C. eupale subsp. to =a 500 OH CA ULUWUS act ae is so. WAS) C. subornatus as hp Sonu a C. suwbornatus subsp.... see soo
The results are tabulated on next page. 1. The measurement in cellule 3 :— eupale, fifty-two specimens have a distance of from 2 to 2°5 mm. subornatus, nine individuals have a distance of from 2°0 to
Zz uma. dilutws, nineteen individuals have a distance of from 3°'0 to
3°5 mm.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns ipl
Whilst suwbornatus agrees with eupale, in dilutus the distance is greater between the two points. 2. The measurement in cellule 6 :—
eupale, forty-one individuals have a distance of from 3°5 to 4 mm. subornatus, nine individuals have a distance of from 5°5 to
6 mm. dilutus, sixteen individuals have a distance of from 4°0 to 50 mm. TABLE.
Distance between the antemarginal dot Distance between the submarginal in 3, measured from the centre of the dot in 6 to the inner edge of the black dot to the outer edge of the sub- band, marginal dot in 3.
Form Distance No. of Distance No. of ee in mm. specimens in mm. Specimens ley mae eupale eupale ... 2-0 Bde 1 — 30 5 2°5 See Be BO) 4 10 — 40 1 eupale subsp. ... 1:5 3 — 20 1 2:0 26 — 30 8 | 2:5 162 350 25 59 30 5 — 40 Ht % 30 1 — 4:5 D- 4-0 Leto: () 2 dilutus ane 2°5 2 — 35 4 3:0 10 — 4:0 6 3-5 9 = os 5 2 4-0 1 = &@ 5 ; 4°5 meee 39) 4 oO ee) = 6:0 1 subornatus we 1:5 4 — 60 il ) h — 65 3 J subornatus subsp. 2°() hoe 4 — 60 1 2°5 On = soso 3 9 — 60 3)
This measurement gives three different results. Although it may be argued that the material measured is too small, the differences observed ure correlated with the other more recognised
differences.
Fig.
Fig. Fig.
ex.
(er)
GENITALIA OF CHARAXHES.
Plate VI.
Fig. 1.
IG LO;
Fig. 2.
C.
SQ QS QSQqg © QQ ©
SS
PLATES VI—VII.
eupale eupale (Sierra Leone).
. eupale ewpale, posterior end of juxta, ventrally. . eupale ewpale, uncus, dorsally. . dilutus (Nyasaland), anal ring and uncus,
laterally.
. dilutus, anal ring, ventrally.
. dilutus, uncus, dorsally (Nyasaland).
. dilutus, posterior end of juxta.
.dilutus, uncus and anal ring, laterally
(Nairobi).
. dilutus, uncus dorsally.
. subornatus subornatus (Upper Kasai River).
. subornatus subornatus, uncus, dorsally.
. subornatus subornatus, posterior end of juxta,
ventrally.
. subornatus subsp., uncus, dorsally (Nairobi). . dilutus, 8.K. Congo.
Bull. Hill Mus. Vol. 1. 1921.
Plate VI
ee I i
: — = SSNS
ee
aS
WM, Ze NO
GENITALIA OF AFRICAN CHARAXES.
Plate VII. Bw, Ishubl Wits, Wolk i, ~ 1GPil.
FORMS OF CHARAXES EUPALE, DILUTUS, AND SUBORNATUS.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 13
The form we have placed as a race of swbornatus was not easy to separate from dilwtus, but the measurements taken do not bring it in the dilutus series. We give the points of differentiation in our description of the race.
We regret that more specimens of these forms were not available, but if we take the tendency shown by these together with the general coloration and pattern, the probability is that our division and sub- division is correct.
The times of appearance, according to data preserved on specimens in the Joicey and other collections, are as follows :—
C. eupale eupale ... ... No data.
C. ewpale subsp. ... ... January to October. C. dilutus ee .... December and April. C. subornatus oo ... April to December. C. subornatus subsp. ... January to April.
It does not appear that we have to deal with any seasonal forms.
Genitalia.—(Plate VL.)
The most obvious differences to be noticed in the series examined occur in the uncus, in the juxta, and in the valves.
The extreme forms of uncus are seen in swbornatus (fig. 5a), and in subornatus subsp. (fig. 6), but all intermediate forms were found.
The juxta (also known as ring-wall and penis-funnel) exhibits its extreme forms in ewpale eupale (fig. la), dilwtus (fig. 8a), and swbornatus subornatus (fig. 5b).
A setose membrane connects the lateral edges of the juxta with the inner surface of the valves. ‘This membrane, near its attachment to the juxta, develops into a slightly chitinized process, also covered with setae, and this process exhibits small variations, especially in its proportions as compared with the rest of the organs.
Finally the valve exhibits two different formations of the dorsal edge as shown in eupale (fig. 1) and in subornatus subornatus (fig. 5).
For other details see explanations facing plate.
The following specimens were examined :—
C. eupale eupale ... Sierra Leone, 2.
C. eupale subsp. ... Cameroons, 1; Uganda, 1.
C. dilutus ... Nyasaland, 6; South-Hast Congo, 1; Nairobi, 1. C. subornatus ... Cameroons, 1; Congo, 1.
C. subornatus subsp. Uganda, 1; Nairobi, 1.
74 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
The forms from which drawings of genitalia were made are figured on plate VII.
It may be possible to make a further study of the genitalia when many more specimens of the rarer forms become available.
39. Charaxes eupale latimargo subsp. nov.
Distinguished from the West Coast ewpale, by the larger basal area on the fore wing and the narrow marginal brown on the hind wing.
3 §. Upperside of fore wing with pale basal area extended and nearer the tornus than in the type form. Hind wing with marginal brown not extended beyond the line of submarginal spots.
Underside of hind wing with the submarginal dot in cellule 3
farther from the antemarginal dot than in the type form. In cellule 6 the distance between the submarginal spot and the inner edge of the band is slightly more than in the type form. In the Joicey collection from Cameroons, Bitje, Ja River, 2,000 feet, dry season, four ¢ S¢ one ? ; wet season, one ¢ one ? (2 allotype) ; early May and June, wet season, four ¢ 3; Bitje, one ¢ ; Cameroons, one ? ; Bipindi, Cameroons, September, two 3 3, October, four 3 ¢ ; Bipindi, three 3 S ; Kibokolo do Zombo, Portuguese Congo, one ¢ ; Luluabourg, Kasai District, two ¢ ¢ ; Kunzulu, le Moyen, Congo Belge, dry season, one ¢ ; Aruwimi, one & ; Upper Congo, one ¢ ; Upper Kasai District, three ¢ 3 ; Longgi, two ¢ & ; Semliki, one 3 ; North bank of Ituri River, half-way between Avakubi and Penghe, May, 1920, six ¢ & ; coll. T. A. Barns (type) ; Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, one 3g, T. A. Barns; Uganda, coll. Jackson, four 3 dé ; Entebbe, August, 1901, A. H Neumann, four ¢ 3 ; Entebbe, January, 1902, one ¢; Hntebbe, one ¢ ; Uganda, one ¢; Toro, January, two 6 3; Nyanza, two 3 3; Mabira Forest, Uganda, April-August, ISIS) eo ot a.
40. Charaxes subornatus minor subsp. nov. (pl. VII, fig. 6).
Distinguished by its smaller size and the less strongly-marked underside.
3. Upperside of fore wing as in type form, and differentiated from dilutus by the even and more regularly toothed edge of the basal area. Hind wing with the bluish costal shade not extended below vein 7.
Underside paler green, discal band less defined and not so white.
Hind wing with the submarginal dot in cellule 3 farther from the
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 75
antemarginal dot than in the type form, but nearer than in dilutus. Discal line straighter than in dilutus.
C. subornatus is further distinguished below by the fore wing with cell patch extending into cellule 2, and by a pair of black submarginal dots near the termen.
Length of fore wing: 31 mm. Breadth from apex to tornus: 32 mm.
Type form. Length of fore wing: 32mm. Breadth: 25 mm.
In the Joicey collection from Nairobi, three ¢ ¢ ; Mabira Forest, Uganda, April-August, 1919, three 3 3 (type); Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ¢ ; KH. Epulu, N. Ituri Valley, between Penghe and Irumu, March, 1920, one ¢, T. A. Barns.
In the collection of Mdme. de Horrack-Fournier,—Mabira Forest, Uganda, sixteen 3 3.
C. subornatus Schultze, is in the Joicey collection from Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, April, two ¢ 3 ; early May and June, wet season, one ¢; Upper Kasai District, Congo, one 3; French Congo, one g.
In the Congo Museum, Tervueren,—Bili 4 Lebe, Congo, November- December, 1912, one ¢; Bilinyama-Tale, Congo, April 12-20, 1911, one 3.
41. Huxanthe crossleyi intermedia subsp. nov. (pl. XIII, figs. 36, 37).
This form resembles the typical one in the large patches of the fore wing and the extended discal patches of the hind wing. . It resembles ansorgei R. and J., in the well-developed postcellular patch of the hind wing, which, however, is not produced to a point as in the two allied forms, and in two stripes filling cellules la and 1b. The admarginal white spots of the hind wing are larger than in any specimens we have seen from the Cameroons, Kasai, and Uganda.
Habitat.—Itoa River, Ituri Forest, 1,000 m., January, 1920, 12 (type) ; Ibima River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, 12.
These two specimens are identical.
Mr. Barns notes that this species flies high, and is fond of resting on dry twigs high up, or occasionally on the bark of a tree. Found in glades in thick forest, feeding on tree gums. The habit of the species is similar to that of the Liptenines and it was on this account not associated with Charaxes by Mr. Barns.
76 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
SATYRIDAE.
42. Mycalesis asochis congoensis subsp. nov.
Distinguished by the extended white areas on both wings, and the less deeply curved dark distal line below.
3. Upperside of fore wing with the white area more extended in the cell. Hind wing with the white area more extended between veins la and 4.
Underside without any basal yellowish suffusion. The dark brown border to the ocelli is straighter than in the typical form. The spot in cellule 3 on the hind wing is more strongly developed.
Habitat.——Between Lindi and Lubila Rivers, north of Batama, April, 1920, one 3 (type); north side of Maiko Valley, near - Stanleyville, May, 1920, one 3; Tshopo Valley, near Batama, April, 1920, one ¢, T. A. Barns; Kassai ‘River, one of.
Found in dense forest and infrequent.
43. Mycalesis persumilis sp. nov. (pl. XIII, figs. 38, 39 ¢, 40 2).
Allied to martius F., but larger and with broader distal area below.
3. Upperside black with bluish reflection in side-light. Fore wing with short hair covering cell and basal part of cellules la, ib, 2 and 3, but not forming tufts asin martvws. Hind wing with a grey hair- pencil at base of cell, and a black hair-pencil at base of cellule 6. Basal area and inner margin covered with short hair, longer in the cell, and projecting beyond it.
Underside black-brown, distal area paler and broader than in martius. The line marking outer edge of basal area straighter than in martius. Hore wing with eye-spot in 2 scarcely larger than in martius, four small ocelli in 8—6, the one in 5 larger and the others more punctiform. ‘The glossy area not extended beyond line limiting basal dark area. Hind wing with five ocelli, the one in 2 smaller than in martius, the one in Ic a little smaller, the others smaller still, those in 3 and 4 being punctiform. The area surrounding the ocelli on both wings is only slightly paler than the ground-colour.
?. Resembles martius, but is larger and subapical band is broader and more distinctly defined. Underside resembles the male. The margin and apical area of the fore wing is more yellowish than in martius. 'The outer edge of basal area on hind wing slightly undulate and sharply defined.
Length of fore wing: 3 23—26 mm., 2 26 mm.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 77
‘Habitat.—Ruwenzori, western slopes, December, 1919, 2,200 m., two SoS, one 2 (types); Upper Butahu River, Ruwenzori, 1500- 1800 m., December, 1919, two 3 3, T. A. Barns.
ERYCINIDAE. 44, Abisara barnsi sp. nov. (pl. XIII, figs. 41, 42).
Allied to talantus Auriv., having the same neuration-structure in the hind wing
@. Upperside coloration as in other species of the group. Fore wing without apical ocellus; a discal blue band, somewhat triangular, anteriorly narrowed, reaching from inner margin to origin of vein 6, indistinct in the lower angle of cell, inner edge reaching slightly beyond origin of vein 2, outer edge even. A pale postdiscal narrow band from costa to near tornus. Hind wing with a narrow blue transverse band from 2 to 7 near apex where it narrows to a point ; this band fills lower angle of cell and the base of cellules 3 and 4. A double apical eye-spot as in allied forms. ‘T'wo faint bluish submarginal lines between veins 2 and 4, joined to form a kidney-shaped spot.
Underside paler. Fore wing with whitish oblique discal line from costa to vein 2. A similar postdiscal line from costa to inner margin, curved below vein 2. A thinner submarginal line from vein 7 to a point between 2 and 3 where it joins the postdiscal line. Hind wing with a slightly curved whitish discal line from middle of inner margin to costa before the apex. ‘Two crenulate submarginal lines between veins lb and 4, joined posteriorly. Kye-spots as above.
Length of fore wing: 20 mm.
Habitat.—Butahu River, Semliki Valley, December, 1919, 1,000 m., one ¢.
Mr. Barns notes that this species has the habit of A. rogers? in hopping, rather than flying, from leaf to leaf, and is easily caught. Feeds on plant-juices. Rests with wings closed and is not easy to see.
LYCAENIDAE.
45. Telipna angustifascia sp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 43).
This species is allied to senirufa S. and K. with which it has been confounded hitherto. Semirufa is probably only a form of bemacula Ploetz. Distinguished by the narrow oblique band of the fore wing.
3. Upperside of fore wing with orange-red discal band, 3 mm,
78 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
to 6 mm. broad on vein 2, and 7 mm. broad at most on the inner margin; this band narrows anteriorly and reaches vein 4 or before it, and does not extend to the base of cellules 2 and 3. A small ochreous spot, which may be absent, is placed in 4 and 5 in a subapical position. Hind wing with band as in semirufa, but sometimes narrower.
Underside markings much as in semirufa. Fore wing with broader black outer margin above vein 3 and ochreous marginal spots. Black costal stripes heavier and continued to lower edge of cell. A black discal spot in 3 placed free in the centre of band. Hind wing with heavier black costal markings than in semirufa. A black spot at the base of cellule 1c. The distal edge of the band is less strongly dentate than in the allied forms, and does not project so far in cellule 4, the wider black area in this region bearing a fifth small ochreous spot. There are only four submarginal spots in the allied forms.
°. Upperside with paler markings. Fore wing with slightly broader discal band than in ¢, especially so the spot in 3. Subapical spot larger, or forming a patch extending to vein 10. Hind wing with paler band, narrower than in ¢, not reaching the base and somewhat broken costally ; outer edge of band extending from inner margin to vein 7. :
Underside as in the 3.
Fringes black in 3, in 2 with white dots between veins.
Length of fore wing, ¢ 21-25 mm., @ 20-23 mm.
Habitat.—Dense forest near Bafwaboli, N. side T’shopo Valley, T. A. Barns, one ¢ (type); Upper Kasai District, Congo Belge, P. Landbeck, two ¢? 2 (@ allotype); Bitje Ja River, Cameroons, 2,000 feet, October-November, 1912, G. L. Bates, one 2; §.W. of Upper Kasai District, P. Landbeck, one ¢; two 3 4, loc. ?, ex. coll. Suffert.
In the British Museum from Uganda, Budongo Forest, Unyoro, 3,400 feet, December, 1911, S. A. Neave, one 3, two 2 2; Entebbe, January, 1912, S. A. Neave, one ¢ ; Mabira Forest, Chigwe, 3,500- 3,800 feet, July, S. A. Neave, one ¢, one ?.
46. Telipna subhyalina sp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 48).
Allied to carnuta Hew., but distinguished by the thinly-scaled fore wing, reduced ochreous basal area and narrower dark margin on the hind wing.
2. Fore wing with very thinly scaled discal area. Upperside with black ground-colour and distinct black discocellular spot. Basal area
New Lepidoptera coilected by Mr. T. A. Barns 1g
pale orange, forming a triangular area reaching from upper margin of cell to near the tornus, and extending into the base of cellule 2. Hind wing pale orange with black marginal border, narrower than in carnuta, from costa to cellule 3.
Underside paler than in carnuta but with similar markings. Fore wing with distal area thinly scaled with grey-white, which forms a curved band between veins 6 and 2; a grey-white submarginal line followed by an ochreous-yellow fine marginal line. Hind wing with gerey-white submarginal line more strongly marked than in carnuta.
Length of fore wing 14 mm.
Habitat.—N. Ituri Valley, E. of EKpula River between Penghe and Irumu, March, 1920, one ? (type); Penghe, N. bank Ituri River, March, 1920, one °.
47. Telipna plagiata sp. nov. (pl. XIV, figs. 44, 45).
Perhaps more nearly allied to bimacula Ploetz, but resembling nyanza Neave above in the extent of the orange colour.
¢. Upperside of fore wing with pale orange area extending from base, to outer angle and beyond the cell to a distance less than half the width between end of cell and outer margin, and reaching anteriorly to base of 12, basal third of 11, basal half of 10, and base of 6, leaving a narrow black costal margin and a broad black distal area which narrows posteriorly to the submedian. A white subapical band of three spots in 4—6, touching, or almost touching, the orange area. Hind wing pale orange with black distal margin, 3 mm. broad, nar- rowing posteriorly.
Underside pale yellowish-orange. Markings similar to bimacula. Fore wing with black markings less developed than in bimacula, the outer costal bar only reaching vein 5 with a small spot in cellule 4. Outer margin without any black border, but with small black marginal spots on the veins and the spaces between these spots white. Hind wing with thinner costal stripes than in bimacula, and with large white distal spots.
Fringes black, with small white spots between the veins.
Length of fore wing: 28 mm. Larger than the majority of ? 3 in the genus.
Habitat.—Lower Butahu River, Semliki Valley, December, 1919, one ? (type); Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one °.
Mr. Barns notes that this form is “slow of flight like an Acraea.”’
80 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
48. Telipna hollandi sp. nov. (pl. XIV, figs. 46, 47).
Allied to medjensis Holl., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. xl, p. 214, pl. xii, fig. 8 (1920) (Congo). Distinguished by the broader dark margins and the more marked undersurface.
3 @. Upperside very similar to sanguinea Ploetz. Fore wing with orange area of same extent asin sanguinea, and subapical spots as large as in the @? of this species. Hind wing with marginal border narrower than in sangwinea, especially anteriorly. 3% with or without, ° with, white marginal spots, but smaller than in sanguinea. Cilia more or less chequered with white as in medjensis.
Underside with similar markings to medjensis. Fore wing with white subapical patch also edged with black outwardly, a black dis- cocellular bar, and short costal bars in the cell. Hind wing with white area sharply defined and extended above vein 4 to the level of the fifth costal bar or beyond it. Black marginal border broader than in medjensis ; white marginal spots oblong as in this species.
Length of fore wing: ¢ 23 mm., ¢ 26 mm.
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, N W. Beni, January, 1920, T. A. Barns, one gs (type); Upper Kassai District, P. Landbeck, one ? (allotype), and three ¢ 3.
49. Pseuderesia neavei sp. nov. (plate XIV, figs. 49, 50).
Distinguished from any other described species by the steely-blue upper surface. Dedicated to Dr. 8. A. Neave, who first took this species.
3. Upperside steely-blue with an admixture of green, and black- brown stripes between the veins. Fore wing with apical area black- brown, shading into the blue.
Underside of fore wing with grey-black ground-colour, distal area orange from origin of vein 6 to 2, narrowing posteriorly ; costa and a stripe along upper margin of cell orange broken by ground-colour, forming a dark middle costal spot from which proceeds a dark costal line broadening out at the apex and becoming submarginal and thinner to vein 4; this line and the dark costal marks are dusted with white.
Hind wing brick-red with mouse-grey markings. An indistinct costal spot in cellule 8, a larger one with a black centre below it in 7, and a larger distal spot edged outwardly with black, and touching veins 8 and 7, a small one at base of 7, a discocellular spot with a black centre between veins 4 and 6, a middle cell spot, not touching upper margin, joined to one with a black centre between base of 2 and the sub- median a series of 7 distal spots, one on inner margin, the second,
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 81
third and fourth nearly in line in cellules 1b—Ic, 2 and 3, the fifth more distal in 4, the sixth and seventh more proximal aM ere) Xe Mopar OI edged with black outwardly; a narrow submarginal line, thinly edged with black on the inside; outer margin narrowly black, fringes grey ; inner margin grey, joined to the submarginal line at the submedian.
Antennae black, ringed with white, palpi black marked with white, eyes brown, edged with white; head and thorax black; abdomen darker blue than wings, ventral surface grey; legs black marked with white.
?. Resembles libentina Hew. Upperside of fore wing with a brick-red band from vein 6, just beyond cell to base of vein 2, sometimes reaching submedian, widest in cellule 3 and narrowing anteriorly. The cell, costal area, apical area, and margins black-brown. Hind wing black-brown with incomplete brick-red discal band between veins 6 and 2, becoming broken and fading out posteriorly; in one specimen this band is reduced toa few small scattered patches of scales.
Undersurface resembles $¢. Fore wing with a black curved apical band from costa to vein 3, in one specimen to vein 2. Hind wing with the red areas reduced.
Length of fore wing: 3 2,15 mm.
Habitat—W. Semliki River, near Lesse, January, 1920 (type) & ; W. Semliki River, Cartouche, January, 1920, four 3 ¢.
In the British Museum coll. Neave, Semliki Valley, Buamba Forest, 2,300-2800 feet, July 3, 1911, three ¢ ¢ ; Mpanga Forest, Toro, 4,800 feet, November, 1911, four ¢ ¢ five 2 2 ; Budongo Forest, Unyoro, 3,400 feet, December, 1911, four @? ?.
Mr. Barns notes .that this species is found resting on stems of large trees in open glades of the forest.
50. Pentila auga congoensis subsp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 51).
Distinguished by the shorter stripes on both sides of hind wing, and the absence of the spot in cellule 1c of hind wing below.
3. Upperside of fore wing with vein-stripes 2 and 3 a little shorter, marginal spots in 4 to 7, costal spots larger and outer cell- spot smaller than in type, spot below vein 2 absent. Hind wing with reduced marginal stripes, no spot in cellule 2.
Underside with shorter marginal stripes on both wings. Fore wing without a spot below vein 2. Hind wing with no spot in cellule Ie.
?. Larger and paler. Vein stripes shorter than in the ¢. Fore wing with spot in base of cellule 3.
Habitat.—Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one 3 (type) ;
6
82 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Lower Butahu River, Semliki Valley, December, 1919, one ?. Found in dense forest.
51. Citrinophila terias sp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 58).
This species is allied to erastus Hew., and resembles the smaller and more widely margined specimens of Terias brigitta. Intermediate in size between erastus and other species of the genus.
?. Upperside pale yellow as in erastus 3.
Fore wing with black distal area, broader apically, and extending narrowly along costa from above the cell, inner edge slightly curved anteriorly to vein 4 and thence straight to inner margin before the outer angle. Hind wing with black marginal border at least 2 mm. broad from vein 7 to anal angle, with some sparse scaling along inner margin; this border slightly incurved between veins 5 and 7, as in erastus.
Underside creamy-white, deep yellow at base. A marginal series of black spots on both wings, the apical spot in both wings being the larger; these spots with ill-defined edges as in erastus.
Coloration of body and appendages as in erastus.
Length of fore wing, 16 mm.
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, N. W. Beni, January, 1920, one ¢ (type) ; Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one ?.
Found in dense forest at 900 m.
52. Liuptena ilma lathyi subsp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 52).
This striking form is at once distinguished by the white patch on the fore wing above.
3. Upperside with ground colour as in idma Hew. Fore wing with a large white discal patch, variable in size, reaching to just above vein 3, filling base of cellule 3 and generally the base of 2, extending a little below vein 2 and distally reaching the submedian, curved on its outer edge, and from 3 to 5 mm. broad at vein 2. Black disco- cellular spot much larger than in typical form. Hind wing with large discocellular spot, and white costal area reaching vein 7.
Underside as in typical form but with longer discal black spots, extended brown apical patch, and the postdiscal brown line on the hind wing strongly marked.
Length of fore wing: 14 to 15 mm.; zdma, 12 to 13 mm.
Habitat.—Rutshuru River, N. Kivu, November, 1919, five 3 2.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 83
53. Hresina toroensis sp. nov. (pl. XIV, figs. 54, 55).
Found most commonly in the Mpanga Forest, Toro District of Uganda, by Dr. Neave.
Allied to corynetes Gr.-Sm. Vein 6 of the fore wing much nearer to the cell than in corynetes.
$. Similar to corynetes but the patch on the hind wing only reaches vein 4. Underside as in ° but wholly earthy-brown.
2. Upperside with black ground-colour. Fore wing with a rounded orange patch on the inner margin, reaching vein 4 and not reaching base nor outer angle, and filling up the bases of cellules 2 and 3. Slight ereyish costal scaling as in corynetes. Fringes too worn for description. Hind wing with orange area as in corynetes, but diffused over the inner margin.
Underside greyish-brown finely dusted with black. Fore wing with the orange patch showing through, some greyish-white costal scaling and submarginal black strigae. A black discocellular streak; two black postdiscal spots in 4 and 5, the lower placed more distal; two black postdiscal spots in 2 and 3, one below the other. Hind wing with a black subbasal spot in 7 and an angled spot beyond it; a black dis- cocellular line; a spot below origin of vein 2; a curved series of five postdiscal spots in 1c, 2, 4, 5 and 6; two indistinct submarginal lines.
Antennae black ringed with white. Palpi black, white below. Head black, frons edged with white. Thorax black above, greyish below. Legs black banded with white. Abdomen black above, ventral surface grey-brown. (2).
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 1920, one ? (type).
In British Museum from Entebbe, January, 1913, 3 2 ; Mpanga Forest, Toro, 4,800 feet 183—23, xi. 1913, seventeen 3 3 four 2 2° ; S.E. Ankole, 4,400-4,800 feet, October, one 3 three 2 ? .—AIl collected by S. A. Neave. |
54. Epitola ammon sp. nov. (pl. XIV, figs. 60, 61).
Allied to ceraunia Hew., but the female is distinguished by its smaller size, hind wing without blue scaling, and fore wing with only a streak of blue in the submedian interspace.
@. Upperside black-brown. Fore wing with a white spot at end of cell and another outside the cell in 4; a curved postdiscal series of white spots in 2—6, the one in 2 the larger, the one in 4 the smaller ; a pale blue basal streak on the submedian fold. Hind wing unicoloros, paler in the discal area, with a few scattered pale blue scales.
84 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Underside pattern similar to cerawnia but with darker ground- colour. Fore wing with smaller spots than in cerawna, apical scaling grey-white. Hind wing with markings grey-white, postdiscal band not sharply defined, narrower than in ceraunia and inner edge more proximal, forming a streak along lower edge of cell but not touching the cell above vein 3, the elongate spot in 5 separated from the lower part by vein 5; marginal spot in 6 well defined, and between this and vein 8 the fringe is grey-white. A grey-white marginal patch in 3 and 4, slightly connected with postdiscal band.
Fore wing shorter and more pointed at the apex than in ceraunia. _ Hind wing shorter and with a slight anal lobe.
Length of fore wing: 19 mm.
Habitat.—Penghe, North bank Ituri River, March, 1920, one ?, T. A. Barns. Collected in dense forest.
55. Hpitola viridana sp. nov. (pl. XIV, figs. 58, 59).
Allied to pinodes Druce, and to mus Suffert, but distinguished by the green markings.
3. Upperside with black-brown ground-colour, and dull green markings. Fore wing with some green scaling at base of cell, in the middle, and at the end. Some scattered green scaling below cell at base, a triangular spot below vein 2, a square spot above it placed more dista, scattered green scales in 3—5. Hind wing with scattered green scaling in the cell and in cellules 1c, 2—5.
Underside pale fuscous-brown. Fore wing black from base to the first submarginal line, and between veins 2 and 5, shading into the ground-colour. Inner margin fuscous-grey, a pale spot in 1b, termin- ating the postdiscal line. A pale postdiscal line from costa to vein 2, interrupted by the veins and outwardly curved. A pale submarginal line, slightly waved, from costa to margin at vein 2. A second thinner submarginal line from near apex to margin at vein 2 where it joins the first. Hind wing with markings a little paler than the ground-colour. A curved basal line, a thin indistinct discal line approximating to the basal line anteriorly and posteriorly, a curved and strongly waved post- discal line, a crenulate submedian line at the same distance from the postdiscal line as that is from the discal one, a fine slightly crenulate antemarginal line.
Length of fore wing: 16 mm.
Habitat.—South side Ituri River, five days west of Irumu, March, 1920, one 3, T. A. Barns.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. I’. A. Barns 85
56. Hpitola marginata, Kirby, 2 (pl. XIV, figs. 56, 57).
EH. marginata, Kirby, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) 19, p. 443 (1887) (Cameroons). ¢&. Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 7, Lyc. Afr., p. 27, Dl Hes. 5.6: (LS89)73.
Aurivillius in his Rhop. Aeth., p. 293, places versicolor Kirby as the ? of this species. The type ? is in the Joicey collection and does not agree with marginata in the markings below. This 2 agrees very well below with cercene Hew.
The “ $ ” of versicolor, which is a 2, agrees best with wniformis Kirby in the markings below, the so-called @ of that species being evidently a 3 with a paler coloration.
If these suggestions should be confirmed by the study of larger material or by other means, the name wniformis would sink to versicolor.
The ? which we assign to marginata is very similar to the 2? we have placed with wniformis, i.e., the ? figured by Smith and Kirby as the S$ of versicolor. The blue on the hind wing is more extended and there is a distinct white spot at its distal edge between veins 4 and 6.
On the underside the submarginal lines are strongly crenulate as in the ¢, the one nearest the margin being further from it than in uniforms. The hind wing markings are as in the ¢. The ground- colour is grey-brown, but paler than in the ? of wniformis.
Length of fore wing: 19 mm.
Type from Albertville, 8. KE. Congo, June, 1920, T. A. Barns, 1?.
HE. versicolor, Kirby, A.M.N.H. (5) 19, p. 444 (1887) (Cameroons). IRINO Os Ip, AWae, ILA Ce, 1s AASh, poll Wi, avers, Gl, IO) (CUisisiS)). ‘
EH. wuformis Kirby, l.c. p. 445 (1887) (Cameroons). Rhop. Ex. 1. ue, ILWV@s, (Os AS), Jolley, avers: Ul, IIA Gltete}8)).
EH. cercene Hew., Ent. Mo. Mag. 10, p. 150 (1873) (Cameroons) 3. He Diaensvep i ouppspa2O pl. lbw hes: VO 20 STS) iS.
57. Hpitola itwrina sp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 62).
Allied to dorothea B.-Bkr., but has still more extended blue and different markings below.
3. Upperside of fore wing with blue area reaching close to margin between a point midway between veins 2 and 3 and the outer angle. Hind wing as in dorothea with some blue scaling in lower distal part of
celluie 6.
86 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Underside more like that of carcina Hew. Fore wing with the second submarginal grey band farther from the submarginal line and broader, especially the spots in 2 and 3, which are somewhat quadrate, Hind wing with the grey discal band broader than in carcina and farther from the submarginal line.
Length of fore wing: 20 mm.
Habitat.—Forest between Ituri and Lindi Rivers, 8.W. of Avakubi, April, 1920, one ¢. Taken on an oil-palm.
58. E'pitola urama tanganikensis subsp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 63).
3. Upperside with extended black area. Fore wing with blue area 4 and 5 less produced than in 2 and 6; outer edge of blue area from vein 3 to submedian fairly straight; basal area of cellules 6, 3 and 9 not blue, forming a costal indentation of ground-colour. Hind wing with the marginal black border broader than in typical form.
Underside resembles that of the typical ? in the golden coloration of apex of fore wing and of the hind wing. Markings very similar, but the grey discal spots on the fore wing are obsolete in 2 and 3, the subapical ones being reduced.
Habitat.—Albertville, Tanganyika, June, 1919, three 3 3.
59. Hewitsonia kirbyt Dew. 9 form intermedia form. nov. (pl. XV, fig. 65).
2. Upperside differs from kirbyi 2 in the absence of the spot in 2 on the fore wing. Differs from s¢mzlzs in the absence or only slight indication of the spot in 1b on the fore wing. The hind wing is either wholly brown or with a white distal area.
Underside more resembles kirbyi in the darker and more deeply yellow markings on the hind wing. On the fore wing resembling suemolis.
Habitat.—lIturi District, N.W. Beni, January, one ? (type); Ituri Forest, thirty miles 8. of Irumu, bordering long-grass country, February, one ¢, T. A. Barns; Mabera Forest, Kyagive, Mulanga, Uganda, 4,000 feet, R. A. Dummer, one ? ; Cameroons, ex collection, Grose-Smith, one °.
Mr. Barns records that the first specimen was taken at 2 p.m., resting on a dry twig at right angles, with wings folded; closely resembles a dry leaf. Inconspicuous on the wing.
As the genitalia of kirbyx Dew. and similis Auriv. exhibit no differ- ence, and the difference in markings between the ¢ 3 of these forms
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 87
is sight, we may infer that whilst the 2 of similis has diverged definitely from the ? of kirbyi, the # has only slightly diverged, and is probably only an individual aberration.
These forms are not confined to any one season. The distribution is as follows :—
1. f. kirbyt.—Gaboon, Cameroons, Angola, Kassai River, French Congo.
2. f. stemilis.—Gaboon, Cameroons, Upper Kassai, Longji.
3. f. intermedia.—Cameroons, Ituri Forest, Uganda.
60. Hewitsonia bitjeana B.-Bkr.
H. kirbyi bitjeana Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), 16, p. 190 (1915).
H. beryllina Schultze, Archiv f. Naturges., 81 Jahr., Ab. A., p. 163 (1915) (pub. 1916).
Mr. Bethune-Baker, loc. cit., thought that this might be the wet season form of kirbyt, but Schultze, loc. cit., mentions that his beryllina was taken at the end of the rainy season, and that boisduvali, kirby, and sumilis were flying at the same time. Furthermore we have ? ? of kirby: from the Cameroons taken at the same time as bitjeana 2 °.
The genitalia of bitjeana show an important difference from those of kurbyz in the shape of the sickle-like process arising from the base of the uncus and surrounding the anal tube (pl. VIII, fig. 3).
Upon these considerations we must treat bitjeana as a distinct species.
61. Hpitola posthwmus Ebr., and wrania Kirby.
We have examined the genitalia of these forms and there is no doubt but that they are distinct species.
The differences in the genital armature will be apparent upon reference to the drawings on plate VIII. It will be noticed that there are differences in the shape of the uncus, in the shape of the sickle-like process arising at the base of the uncus, in the shape of the strongly- chitinized process arising from the juxta (penis sheath and penis of some authors), and the formation of the two processes arising from this organ.
62. Hewirtsonia boisduvali congoensis subsp. nov. (pl. XIV, fig. 64).
The typical form occurs in the Cameroons, French Congo, Sierra Leone, and Gold Coast,
PR. = Penis.
LDU MIEILONN ua IPIbya ay WIDE,
H. similis, lateral view. An uncus, dorsally. FH. bitjeana, lateral view. E. posthumus, uncus and its appendage (scaphium).
6 uncus, dorsally. 6 valve, laterally and externally. 5 penis, and penis funnel.
EH. wrama, uncus, and its appendage (scaphium). Hh uncus, dorsally. 7% penis and penis funnel.
PF. == Penis Funnel. S. = Scaphium. U. = Uncus. V. = Valve.
Bull. Hill Mus. Vol. I. 1921.
Plate VIII.
alt
Y \ i
J mS Ws Ss
of is
A see
aie
GENITALIA OF AFRICAN LYCAZNID&.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 89
The eastern race is characterized by increased blue and narrower subapical band.
3$. Upperside of fore wing with subapical band narrower than in typical form. Occasionally narrow-banded specimens occur with the typical form. The blue area extends almost or quite to base of cellule 2, and touches the cell below vein 2. Hind wing with blue extending into the cell, almost filling it with thin scaling, and not reaching the base ; a discocellular mark of dark ground-colour.
Underside with no constant differences.
@. Fore wing with narrower band, of which the lower spot in cellule 4 reaches nearly to margin. The patch at the outer angle is reduced proximally.
Habitat:—Itoa River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one ¢ (type) ; Upper Kasai District, Congo Belge, 6 & & one ¢ (ex-collection H. H. Druce.)
63. Hypokopelates iturt B.-Bkr. f. lineosa form. nov.
Distinguished from typical specimens of ¢twrz by the much thinner and paler discal lines below, by the absence of any brown distal suffusion, and by the more grey-white ground-colour.
The upperside is not different from the typical form.
As the markings are exactly similar to those in 7twri we can only regard this as an aberration.
Habitat—Between Lindi and Lubila Rivers, north of Batama, April, 1920, two ¢ ¢ ; Lindi River, Lubila Valley, twenty miles north of Batama, April, 1920, one 3s (type); Lindi River (open forest), north side near Bafwasende, April, 1920, one ¢; forest on watershed of Ituri and Lindi Rivers, S.W. of Avakubi, April, 1920, one ¢ ; Avakubi, Ituri River, April, 1920, two ¢ ¢@; forest between Hpulu and Ituri Rivers, one ¢ ; HE. Epulu River, N. Ituri Valley, between Penghe and Irumu, March, 1920, one ¢, TI. A. Barns.
The following series of ¢turz was also taken :—
Forest between Epulu and Ituri Rivers, March, 1920, one @¢ ; between Epulu and Duye Rivers, North Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one d ; Kast Hpulu River, North Ituri Valley, between Penghe and Irumu, March, one ¢; Ituri River, Ituri Forest, January, 1920, one ¢ ; Ituri River, three days’ west of Irumu, March, 1920, one ¢ ; Ituri River, five days’ west of Irumu, March, 1920, one 3 ; near Bafwaboli, Tshopo River, April, 1920, one ¢ ; Tshopo Valley, near Batama, April, 1920, one ¢ ; north side Maiko Valley, near Stanley- ville, May, 1920, one ¢ one ?, T. A. Barns,
90 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
Both series of forms show variation in the extent of blue on the fore wing, but the tendency is to a wider black margin. This form is doubtless only a race of eleala Hew., which, however, may prove equally variable were a good series obtained.
64. Hypokopelates canescens sp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 72, 73).
Allied to obscura B.-Bkr. T. E. Soc. 1913, p. 501. Distinguished by its grey-brown upperside.
3. Upperside grey-brown with some scattered blue scales. Fore wing with black fringes. Hind wing with white fringes; anal lobe with orange spot and some metallic blue scales.
Underside white. Fore wing with post-discal narrow orange stripe, edged with black. A grey submarginal line, indistinct anteriorly. Some pale grey apical suffusion. Hind wing with narrow orange post- discal stripe edged with black, shaped as a distinct W between veins la and 3; a grey submarginal crenulate line from vein 7 to 1b, and beyond it a grey marginal band not touching the margin; a quadrate orange marginal spot in 2, bearing a large rounded black spot; anal lobe black edged with orange behind; outer marginal edge finely black fringes white.
Antennae black, ringed with white. Palpi black above, white below. Head black, frons white in the centre. Thorax black above, white below. Legs white banded with grey. Abdomen black above, ventral surface grey-white, segments 5—9 banded with white laterally.
Length of fore wing, 14 mm.
Habitat.—Albertville, Tanganyika, June, 1919, one 3.
65. Tanuetheira prometheus congoensis subsp. nov. (pl. XV, fig. 74).
Described from a single 2 which is sufficiently different to deserve a name.
?. Upperside with the blue colour not greenish as in typical form. Hind wing with the white postdiscal spot in 3 well-developed and some white scaling above it in 4. Broader extent of distal black from anal angle to vein 3, white marginal bars thinner.
Underside of fore wing without grey apical suffusion ; a second sub- marginal line faintly marked. Hind wing with submarginal line farther from the margin; red anal area reduced and not touching post- discal line.
Habitat.—Albertville, Tanganyika, June, 1919, one ¢.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 91
66. Argiolaus silarus iturensis subsp. nov.
Distinguished by the narrower dark margin on the hind wing and smaller red anal spots; on the underside by the distinct and yellow postdiscal lines.
@. Upperside of fore wing as in typical form but without white discal scaling. Hind wing with narrower dark outer margin, extended blue, and the postdiscal spots smaller and more broadly bordered with blue outwardly. The two red anal spots much smaller.
Underside of fore wing with thin yellow postdiscal line, slightly curved. Hind wing with yellow postdiscal line thicker than on fore wing, straight from costa to the red spot in 2, thence to the anal spot, which is edged with black on the side of the lobe.
Habitat.—Forest on watershed of Ituri and Lindi Rivers, 5. W. of Avakubi, April, 1920, T. A. Barns, one ¢.
67. Epamera fuscomarginata sp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 70, 71).
Allied to sappirus Druce, and agrees with this species in possessing a buff-coloured patch of scales on the costal area of the hind wing above.
3. Upperside of fore wing with pale-blue basal area of same shade as sappirus, outer edge nearly straight, not entering cellule 3, and angled along submedian. Hind wing as in sappirus but without a black anal spot in 1c, and with paler inner margin.
Underside with broad postdiscal bands placed as in other forms. Fore wing with distal area from costa to vein 2 fuscous-brown, leaving a square white marginal patch in 3 and 4, bounded by the submarginal line. A broad tuft of black hair arising on the edge of the inner margin. Hind wing with fuscous-brown apical patch from vein 8 to 5. Postdiscal band broader than on fore wing, orange-yellow, darker anteriorly, edged with fuscous on the inside, not interrupted, and bearing a thin line of metallic-blue scales from vein 4 to the sub- median, and a similar line edged with white from below submedian to inner margin. A black spot in 2 lying mostly in the orange-yellow band. Anal spot as in sappirus. The inner edge of the postdiscal band on both wings is much more proximal than the line in sappirus or in any other species we have seen.
Length of fore wing: 18 mm.
Habitat.—Bafwaboli, Tshopo River, April, 1920, one ¢, AY, Barns, ‘Taken in dense forest undergrowth.”
92 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
68. Hpamera barnsi sp. nov. (pl. XV, fig. 66, 67).
Allied to mirabilis Druce, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi, p. 71 (Sierra Leone (1903). Distinguished by the glossy costal area of the hind wing extended to the black marginal patch.
3. Upperside of fore wing as in murabilis, the blue area being paler. Inner margin fringed with white hair. Hind wing of same blue colour as on fore wing. The glossy-grey costal area touches the lower margin of cell and extends to an anterior black marginal patch which is placed as in mzrabilis, but in this species the black patch is divided from the glossy area by the blue ground-colour. Inner margin grey, blackish-brown at the anal angle. A black anal spot edged with metallic-green outwardly, and with an orange-red spot above it. A white submarginal line from vein 2 to the anal spot.
Underside chalky-white and somewhat differently marked to mirabilis. Fore wing with a postdiscal slightly curved thick brown line from costa to vein 2. Distal area suffused with grey-brown, and midway between the thick line and the margin is a thin line more strongly curved, reaching vein 2. Posterior area below vein 2 glossy, and with a narrow stripe of androconia along the submedian and a darker grey and similar but broader stripe at the base below the submedian.
Hind wing with a brown postdiscal line almost straight, inter- rupted at vein 2, posteriorly curved to 1b and bent upwards to the inner margin. A thinner and slightly curved irregular submarginal line reaching vein 3; a thicker admarginal line from vein 7 to 3. A quadrate orange-red spot in 2, its inner edge interrupting the postdiscal line, and with a black spot on its outer half. A thick line of similar colour runs from the lower outer edge of the large spot to a large orange-red anal spot, and is bent at the submedian slightly upwards to the inner margin. A black anal spot as in mirabilis, its upper edge entering the orange-red spot; some metallic-blue scales along the outer edge of the orange band, and some blackish dusting between the anal spot and vein 2.
Length of fore wing: 17 mm.
Habitat.—Bafwaboli, Tshopo River, April, 1920, one 3, T. A. Barns.
69. Epamera frater sp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 68, 69).
Closely allied to barns: and mirabilis Druce. Distinguished from both by possessing the hair tuft on the fore wing below, characteristic of other Epamera.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T'. A. Barns 93
3. Upperside of fore wing with pale-blue area as in barnsi, but the outer edge of this area is angled at the submedian. Hind wing as in barnsi except that the speculum extends to the margin at vein 6, and above and below this vein is separated from the margin by a narrow area of black scaling. The lower edge of the speculum is straight, whereas in barnsi the blue area curves into it at the black anterior patch. Between veins 7 and 8 there is a large round patch of modified scales of a buff colour, and at the lower edge of this patch are similar scales of a blackish-brown colour which extend to form a patch between veins 7 and 6. The costa is strongly lobed.
Underside of same pattern as in barnst. Fore wing with a short discocellular streak, postdiscal and submarginal lines thinner than in barnsz, and with less grey-black apical suffusion. A tuft of long grey hair on the inner edge. The lower edge of cell is strongly curved. The glossy area is more vitreous than in barnsi and has a silvery lustre; it may properly be termed a speculum.
Hind wing with thinner lines than in barns: and a smaller black spot in the red spot in 2.
Length of fore wing: 16 mm.
Habitat.—Between Lindi and Lubila Rivers, N. of Batama, April, O20 Ss ds LAS Barns?
70. Hypolycaena buxtoni puella subsp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 75, 76).
Distinguished by the sharply defined edge of the white band on the fore wing. 3 not known.
?. Upperside markings much as in the type form. Fore wing with sharply defined outer edge to the white band, which is angled outwardly at veins 4 and 2; this band not invaded by ground-colour. Hind wing with the narrow white submarginal band indistinct or obsolete. |
Underside markings similar to type form. Fore wing with thick orange transverse cell-stripe from just before origin of vein 2 to the costa. Postdiscal stripe thicker and more irregular than in type-form. Hind wing with a short sub-basal bar in cellule 7, which in the type- form is represented by a dot. Postdiscal line heavier, straight and much more oblique, from a point on vein 8 more proximal than in type form ; from vein 2 this line is black, half as thick, more distally curved, and reaches a point farther along the inner margin. A submarginal line of dark grey.
(19 mm. (Specimen from Kivu.)
1 - i , , 4 : ? eve oF forewing (20 mm. (Specimen from Ruwenzori.)
94 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns ; Habitat.—Ruwenzori, Western slope, 2,500 m. December, 1919, one ¢ (type); Kisaba Forest, Ruanda, HK. Lake Kivu, September, IGS). Cg 2,
The specimen from Ruwenzori is larger and more strongly marked
than the other.
71. Hypolycaena japhusa Riley (pl. XV, figs. 77, 78 3).
We take the opportunity of figuring the ¢ of this form. This specimen was lent to Mr. Riley to describe with his ¢ from the Dollman collection. See Index for reference.
72. Zeltus antifaunus latimacula subsp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 79, 81, 3, G0) 2).
Distinguished by the larger white spots on the hind wing in both SEXES.
3. Upperside of fore wing as in antifawus D. and H. Hind wing with two distinct submarginal spots. Postdiscal spots larger, often a second spot or traces of one in cellule 4. White anal spot larger.
Underside of fore wing without grey apical suffusion. Postdiscal stripe more oblique. Hind wing with smaller black marginal spot in 2.
?. Upperside of fore wing with faintly blue basal area, outwardly diffused and enclosing a curved black postdiscal line; outside postdiscal line a white spot below vein 2 and some whitish scaling above it. Hind wing with a thinner postdiscal line, darker basal area, and larger white spots. Anal lobe black.
Underside as in male.
Habitat—Lumpungu River, Malagarassi Valley, Urindi District, July, 1919, one ¢ (type); Lake Tshohoa, Ruanda District, August, 1919, 4 ¢ d, one & (2 allotype); Akanjaru River, Ruanda District, August, 1919, one ? ; Ruindi Plains, $8. end Lake Kdward, November, 1919, one 2, coll. T. A. Barns. Also in Joicey collection, from Fort Jameson, N. Rhodesia, one ¢ ; Toro, Uganda, February, 2 3 2; Mabera Forest, Uganda, Jackson, 1906, one ¢ ; Entebbe, Uganda, 1901, A. H. Neumann, one ¢ ; Entebbe, one ¢ ; Uganda, 2 ¢ ¢.
The Uganda specimens, with one exception (Toro), only show two white postdiscal spots on the hind wing.
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 95
73. Cupidesthes cuprifascia sp. nov.
Distinguished by its coppery markings above.
3. Upperside with black ground-colour. Fore wing with cupreous orange median band placed obliquely below vein 2—its lower edge along the inner margin, its upper edge along lower margin of cell, its distal edge even and reaching tornus, its proximal edge even and sub- basal. Hind wing with lower distal half of same colour as fore-wing band, embracing an area from inner margin to vein 6 and extending into end of cell.
Underside dark grey with bands formed of white lines edged on the inner side with dark brown. Fore wing with discal band from vein 6 to inner margin, its proximal edge angled at vein 3, with anterior part along discocellular and posterior part from veins 8 to origin of 2 and thence to margin. A postdiscal band of five spots, those in 4-6 narrowing anteriorly, the two in 2 and 3 larger, more proximal, and coincident with discal spots. A greyish-white marginal band enclosing a thin brown submarginal line.
Hind wing with a small black subbasal spot in 7. An irregular discal band from vein 6 to inner margin. A rounded black spot on inner margin between base and discal band. A curved post- discal band of seven spots from costa to inner margin, the spots smaller than those of the discal band. Greyish-white marginal band enclosing the brown submarginal line. ‘Two or three small orange anal spots, edged with black distally and bearing metallic-blue scales. This wing somewhat rubbed and markings not too clear.
Length of fore wing: 13 mm.
Habitat.—Bafwasende, Upper Congo, April, 1920. In dense forest one 3.
74. Cupidesthes minor sp. nov. (pl. XV, figs. 82, 83).
Distinguished by its very small size.
@. Upperside black-brown. Fore wing with pale blue basal area, extending into lower part of cell and into base of cellule 2. Hind wing with pale blue basal area forming a cell-stripe to beyond cell, and a faint stripe in lc. A white submarginal line between submedian and vein 6, interrupted in 2 by the orange border to the black submarginal spot. A fine white marginal line. Fringes of both wings grey.
Underside grey-white with spots defined by grey-brown and white edging. Fore wing with a spot closing the cell; a postdiscal series of
96 New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns
six spots in 2-8, the anterior one minute, the outer edge of the lower two shifted in; a spot between 2 and the submedian, more proximal than the postdiscal series; a grey submarginal and a broader grey marginal line. Hind wing with a spot closing the cell; three con- fluent discal spots between 3 and the inner margin, the inner edge angled at submedian; a postdiscal series of six spots in 2-7-—-the two in 4 and 5 more distal than the others; a grey submarginal line and a darker marginal one, both interrupted by the orange-bordered black spot in 2; a small orange anal spot with black centre.
Length of fore wing: 10 mm.
Habitat.—Avakubi, Ituri River, April, 1920, one °,T. A. Barns.
Seen flying high over shrubs and trees, and feeding on plant-juices.
75. Lycaenesthes discimacula sp. nov. (pl. XVI, figs. 87, 88).
Allied to mahota Gr.-Sm. but distinguished by a smaller patch on the fore wing and the hind wing bearing only a small discal spot.
3. Upperside with black ground-colour. Fore wing patch smaller than in mahota, reduced distally, especially in 4 and 5, forming a small . anterior projection, and distally rounded. Hind wing with a small somewhat triangular cupreous discal spot in cellules 2-4. <A small marginal spot in 2, thinly outlined proximally as in allied forms.
Underside with black-brown ground-colour and with thinner lines than the allied form. There are eight lines on each wing in most Lycaenesthes forms. Taking into account a certain variation existing in a series of mahota, the present form presents no differences worth definition on the underside, excepting the reduction of white colora- tion, resulting in thinner lines, and that the fourth line from the kase on the fore wing, is thicker than the others.
Habitat.—Ituri Forest, N.W. Beni, January, 1920, one ¢ ; Ituri River, North bank, half-way between Avakubi and Penghe, May, 1920, one 3; between Epule and Duye Rivers, N. Ituri Valley, March, 1920, one 3 (type).
76. Lycaenesthes bipuncta sp. nov. (pls. XV, figs. 84, 85 g, XVI, SOMONE
Distinguished from other allied forms by the.divided ochreous patch on the fore wing.
3. Upperside black-brown. Fore wing with an ochreous patch between the submedian and vein 3; the upper edge of this patch
New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barns 97
rounded and the part in cellule 2 dusted with black, the patch divided from vein 2 by a narrow line of ground-colour broadening at the sub- median. Hind wing with dark markings faintly showing from below. An indistinct submarginal and a marginal line.
Underside black-brown, with white markings. Fore wing with a short basal costal stripe, a stripe at end of cell, notched on the lower . edge, and with two white dots above it on either side, below it an oblong spot between vein 2 and submedian with a notch on its upper edge; a postdiscal line between veins 2 and 6; an oblong patch below this between 2 and the submedian; a second postdiscal line oblique from costa to vein 4, then curved down to below 3 where it joins a short thick line reaching vein 4; a subapical line between veins 9 and 5, interrupted at vein 6; a thick apical line between veins 9 and 5; a submarginal line and a thinner marginal one.
Hind wing with a white basal line; a subbasal line; a curved discal line touching a bar at end of cell; a postdiscal line, heavily marked between veins 2 and 7, curved. outwardly from vein 2 and curving round the inner margin to near the discal line, where it bends sharply outward to the submedian and thence inwards to vein 2, forming a V mark; a second postdiscal line, curving to the first in cellule 5 and also at the anal angle, where it curves round to meet the discal line; a submarginal line curving sharply outward between veins 4 and 6, accentuated by a spot in 6 and heavily marked from vein 4 to 2, where it joins the postdiscal line; between the sub- marginal and postdiscal line two blackish spots in 4 and 5 edged with white on the outer side; two marginal lines more or less confluent ; the usual anal spot and marginal spot in 2.
? .—Upperside of fore wing with large pale ochreous patch between submedian and